Reverse Correlation Mapping in Face Patches

人脸斑块中的逆相关映射

• 批准号: 8676802
• 负责人: MARGARET S LIVINGSTONE
• 金额: $ 51.82万
• 依托单位: HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-04-01 至 2016-06-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8676802
• 关键词: Adolescent; Adult; Affect; Anatomy; Animals; Anterior; Behavior; Behavioral; Brain; Brain Part; Brain region; Categories; Cells; Characteristics; Complex; Detection; Development; Electrophysiology (science); Etiology; Face; Face Processing; Functional Imaging; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Goals; Human; Image; Individual; Laboratories; Language; Lateral; Lead; Learning; Letters; Life Experience; Macaca; Maps; Mental Health; Monkeys; Natural Selections; Neurons; Pattern; Persons; Physiology; Prevalence; Primates; Process; Property; Reading; Research; Role; Scanning; Shapes; Social Interaction; Stroke; System; Temporal Lobe; Time; Training; Visual; Writing; autism spectrum disorder; deprivation; early experience; experience; literacy; object recognition; remediation; research study; response; segregation; skills; social; speech processing; stimulus processing

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The project goal is to explore the relationship between experience, expertise, and modular organization in the temporal lobe. During the last 4 years this laboratory has explored the functional anatomy and mechanisms of face detection and recognition, and the present proposal is to extend these studies to simple shapes and to the role of intensive early experience in generating anatomically distinct functionally specialized domains. There are distinct regions of the brain, reproducible from one person to the next, specialized for processing the most universal forms of human expertise; e.g., face processing, speech processing, and reading. Face-selective regions in the temporal lobe have been identified using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in both humans and macaques, and in humans visual recognition of letters and words is also localized, to the same part of the temporal lobe, but more lateral and posterior and in the opposite hemisphere. Because of the importance of social interactions in primates, one could imagine a face-specific region being generated by natural selection, but it is unlikely that a cortical region specific for written words could have evolved, given that humans have been using written language for only a few thousand years, and literacy has been widespread for at most a few hundred years. The fact that most people have intensive early experience with both faces and symbols prompted the question of whether intensive early experience could cause monkeys to develop anatomical specializations for processing stimuli they never naturally use. After intensive training, juvenile monkeys learned symbols faster than adult monkeys and developed more "fluency" in responding to them. Furthermore fMRI revealed that juveniles, but not adults, develop regions in their temporal lobes selectively responsive to the learned symbols, but not to visually similar but unfamiliar symbols. This provides the unique opportunity to study the physiology and functional organization of a training-induced cortical module selective for simple shapes not normally experienced by monkeys, and to compare this region to the same cortical region in untrained and late-trained animals. Single-unit electrophysiology and fMRI will be used in parallel and in conjunction to explore the functional specialization in these training-induced symbol recognition regions and to explore the differences in the same parts of the temporal lobe in early versus late trained animals. Differences in response properties in this region between untrained, late trained, and early trained animals will illuminate how experience interacts with maturational gradients during development. The learned symbols are simple shapes, with simple features shared among the learned symbol set, therefore single unit physiology should reveal how training affects the way shape selective cells combine simple features to generate more complex shape selectivity. The proposed study should lead to a deeper understanding of how early social and educational experience or deprivation affects the developing brain.

描述（由申请人提供）：该项目的目标是探索颞叶中的经验、专业知识和模块化组织之间的关系。在过去的四年中，该实验室探索了人脸检测和识别的功能解剖学和机制，目前的建议是将这些研究扩展到简单的形状以及密集的早期经验在生成解剖学上不同的功能专业领域中的作用。大脑中有不同的区域，可以从一个人复制到另一个人，专门用于处理最普遍形式的人类专业知识；例如，面部处理、语音处理和阅读。人类和猕猴的颞叶面部选​​择性区域均已通过功能磁共振成像（fMRI）识别出来，而人类对字母和单词的视觉识别也局限于颞叶的同一部分，但更位于侧向和后侧以及相反的半球。由于灵长类动物社交互动的重要性，人们可以想象自然选择会产生一个特定于面部的区域，但考虑到人类使用书面语言的历史只有几千年，而识字能力的普及最多也不过几百年，因此不太可能进化出专门用于书写文字的皮质区域。大多数人对面孔和符号都有丰富的早期经验，这一事实引发了一个问题：丰富的早期经验是否会导致猴子发展出解剖学专门化来处理它们从未自然使用的刺激。经过强化训练，幼年猴子比成年猴子更快地学习符号，并且对符号的反应更加“流畅”。此外，功能磁共振成像显示，青少年（而非成年人）的颞叶区域会选择性地对学到的符号做出反应，但不会对视觉上相似但不熟悉的符号做出反应。这提供了独特的机会来研究训练诱导的皮质模块的生理学和功能组织，该模块选择性地选择猴子通常不会经历的简单形状，并将该区域与未经训练和后期训​​练的动物的相同皮质区域进行比较。 单单元电生理学和功能磁共振成像将并行和结合使用，探索这些训练引起的符号识别区域的功能专业化，并探索早期和晚期训练动物颞叶相同部分的差异。未经训练、后期训练和早期训练的动物在该区域的反应特性的差异将阐明在发育过程中经验如何与成熟梯度相互作用。学习的符号是简单的形状，在学习的符号集中共享简单的特征，因此单个单元生理学应该揭示训练如何影响形状选择性细胞组合简单特征以产生更复杂的形状选择性的方式。拟议的研究应该使人们更深入地了解早期的社会和教育经历或剥夺如何影响发育中的大脑。