A Mixed Methods EMA Assessment of Cognition and Behavior among New ENDS Users

新 ENDS 用户认知和行为的混合方法 EMA 评估

• 批准号: 8735114
• 负责人: Jennifer Lynn Pearson
• 金额: $ 10.37万
• 依托单位: TRUTH INITIATIVE FOUNDATION
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-09-30 至 2016-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8735114
• 关键词: Adoption; Affect; Area; Attention; Behavior; Behavioral; Cellular Phone; Cigarette; Cigarette Smoker; Cognition; Cognitive; Complement; Data; Data Collection; Development; Devices; District of Columbia; Electronics; Enrollment; Environment; Evaluation; Expectancy; Familiarity; Future; Grant; Individual; Instruction; Interview; Laboratories; Laboratory Study; Life Experience; Location; Lung; Marketing; Menthol; Methods; Moods; Nature; Nicotine; Not Hispanic or Latino; Observational Study; Outcome; Participant; Pathway interactions; Pattern; Persons; Play; Prevalence; Process; Public Health; Publishing; Qualitative Methods; Race; Research; Research Methodology; Role; Sales; Sample Size; Sampling; Smoker; Smoking; Source; Stratification; Structure; Surveys; System; Telephone; Testing; Time; Tobacco; Tobacco Dependence; Tobacco use; base; case finding; cigarette smoking; craving; driving behavior; experience; follow-up; innovation; interest; male; preference; psychologic; public health relevance; smoking cessation; smoking restriction; social; social cognitive theory; systems research; tobacco advertising; tobacco control

DESCRIPTION: The universe of tobacco products is expanding, with new noncombustible products gaining popularity even as the reduction in prevalence of cigarette smoking slows or stalls. E-cigarettes, or Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS), are the most prevalent of these emerging noncombustible products. With sales increasing rapidly and more efficient pulmonary delivery devices under development, ENDS are likely to play an increasing role in the future tobacco market. Little is known about the cognitions and behaviors leading to or sustaining ENDS use. Smokers may use ENDS to subvert smoking restrictions (i.e. a bridge "product"), to reduce perceived smoking harms, or for cessation, possibly delaying use of proven treatments. With respect to daily ENDS users, the majority of information is limited to retrospective surveys and convenience samples of White males. Our research suggests Black smokers are less likely than White smokers to try or to use ENDS, perhaps due to a greater degree of perceived harm associated with ENDS, a preference for menthol, or cultural norms. However, with the recent purchase of Blue(c) e-cigarettes by Lorillard Tobacco Company (maker of Newport cigarettes), differential adoption of ENDS by race may not continue as the company markets mentholated ENDS to Black smokers. Thus, it is timely and critical to study how all smokers, including Blacks and menthol smokers, experience and initiate ENDS using valid, innovative research methods. Our research represents a first step towards understanding the immediate environmental contexts and psychological correlates associated with ENDS initiation in menthol and non-menthol smokers interested in trying ENDS. Our observational study features three weeks of concurrent ecological momentary assessment (EMA) and in-depth interview data collection, followed by a 30-day follow-up telephone contact to assess cigarette and ENDS use. We will enroll 100 daily cigarette smokers from the Washington, D.C. metro area. Since 80% of Black smokers prefer menthol cigarettes, the sample will be stratified into four groups (n=25 per group) by menthol use and race (non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black), allowing us to disaggregate the influence of menthol preference from cultural norms/expectancies on ENDS initiation. Participants will use our preexisting EMA data collection system to collect data on tobacco use behaviors over the course of the three-week study. In Week 1, participants will collect baseline data on their usual smoking pattern. In Week 2, we will provide participants with a week's supply of ENDS and instructions to use the products at least three times daily. In Week 3, we will replenish participants' ENDS supply and encourage participants to use the products as they see fit. Participants will also take part in a semi-structured in-depth interview at the end of each week. Week 1 interviews will focus on a process evaluation of the EMA data collection experience, while the Week 2 and 3 interviews will focus on how ENDS-associated cognitions, expectancies and norms evolve with ENDS use and increasing familiarity with the product. Qualitative data from the interviews will complement the quantitative EMA data to examine the interplay between environment, cognitions, and behaviors driving ENDS initiation based on Social Cognitive Theory. Within-person aims will examine the longitudinal relationship between environmental context (e.g., location, presence of others), psychological state (e.g., mood), and tobacco dependence (e.g., craving) on an individual's ENDS use. Exploratory secondary aims include a between- person examination of the effects of race and menthol preference on ENDS initiation and will allow for exploration of interaction effects between the stratification variables by comparing our formative between-person EMA findings with between-case findings from in-depth interviews. This exploratory R21 will contribute to the emerging field of ENDS research by identifying potential mechanisms promoting ENDS initiation and predicting ENDS patterns of use, including whether ENDS displace or are used concurrently with cigarettes, or are used as aids to reduce harm or quit smoking. This study will be the first to examine ENDS use among Black and menthol smokers, two subpopulations of interest to the Center for Tobacco Products and tobacco control in general. The research will support a future R01 grant submission to more closely examine the causal pathways and long term behavioral outcomes following ENDS initiation.

烟草制品的世界正在扩大，随着新的不燃产品越来越受欢迎，即使在减少吸烟的流行减缓或停止。电子烟，或电子尼古丁输送系统（ENDS），是这些新兴的不燃产品中最普遍的。随着销售的迅速增长和更有效的肺部输送装置的开发，终端可能在未来的烟草市场中发挥越来越大的作用。人们对导致或维持终端使用的认知和行为知之甚少。吸烟者可能会使用ENDS来颠覆吸烟限制（即桥接“产品”），减少吸烟危害，或戒烟，可能会延迟使用已证实的治疗方法。关于日常终端用户，大部分信息仅限于回顾性调查和白人男性的方便样本。我们的研究表明，与白人吸烟者相比，黑人吸烟者尝试或使用ENDS的可能性更小，这可能是由于人们更容易意识到ENDS的危害、对薄荷醇的偏好或文化规范。然而，随着Lorillard烟草公司（Newport香烟的制造商）最近购买Blue(c)电子烟，由于该公司向黑人吸烟者销售薄荷烟，不同种族对ENDS的不同采用可能不会继续下去。因此，研究所有吸烟者，包括黑人和薄荷醇吸烟者，如何使用有效的，创新的研究方法体验和发起ENDS是及时和关键的。我们的研究是了解薄荷醇和非薄荷醇吸烟者开始使用ENDS的直接环境背景和心理相关因素的第一步。我们的观察性研究包括三周的同步生态瞬时评估（EMA）和深度访谈数据收集，随后是30天的随访电话联系，以评估卷烟和终端的使用情况。我们将从华盛顿特区都会区招募100名每天吸烟的人。由于80%的黑人吸烟者更喜欢薄荷香烟，因此将样本按薄荷使用量和种族（非西班牙裔白人和非西班牙裔黑人）分为四组（n=25每组），使我们能够从文化规范/期望中分解薄荷偏好对ENDS起始的影响。参与者将使用我们现有的EMA数据收集系统在为期三周的研究过程中收集烟草使用行为的数据。在第一周，参与者将收集他们通常吸烟模式的基线数据。在第二周，我们将为参与者提供一周的ENDS供应和每天至少三次使用产品的说明。在第三周，我们将补充参与者的ENDS供应，并鼓励参与者使用他们认为合适的产品。参与者还将在每周结束时参加半结构化的深度访谈。第1周的访谈将侧重于对EMA数据收集经验的流程评估，而第2周和第3周的访谈将侧重于与ENDS相关的认知、期望和规范如何随着ENDS的使用和对产品的熟悉程度的增加而发展。访谈的定性数据将补充定量的EMA数据，以检验基于社会认知理论的环境、认知和行为之间的相互作用。个人目标将检查环境背景（例如，位置，他人的存在），心理状态（例如，情绪）和烟草依赖（例如，渴望）对个人终端使用的纵向关系。探索性次要目标包括对种族和薄荷醇偏好对ENDS启动的影响进行人与人之间的检查，并将通过比较我们形成性的人与人之间的EMA结果与深度访谈的病例之间的结果来探索分层变量之间的相互作用效应。这一探索性R21将通过确定促进ENDS启动和预测ENDS使用模式的潜在机制，包括ENDS是否取代香烟或与香烟同时使用，或用作减少危害或戒烟的辅助手段，为ENDS研究的新兴领域做出贡献。这项研究将首次调查黑人和薄荷醇吸烟者的ENDS使用情况，这是烟草制品和烟草控制中心感兴趣的两个亚群。该研究将支持未来的R01拨款申请，以更仔细地检查ENDS启动后的因果途径和长期行为结果。

项目成果

Metadata Correction: Mobile Phone Ownership Is Not a Serious Barrier to Participation in Studies: Descriptive Study.

元数据修正：拥有手机并不是参与研究的严重障碍：描述性研究。

• DOI: 10.2196/10403
• 发表时间: 2018
• 期刊: JMIR mHealth and uHealth
• 影响因子: 5
• 作者: Harvey,EmilyJ;Rubin,LeslieF;Smiley,SabrinaL;Zhou,Yitong;Elmasry,Hoda;Pearson,JenniferL
• 通讯作者: Pearson,JenniferL