"Natural" and "Organic" cigarette descriptors: association with expectancies, subjective effects, topography, and biomarkers of exposure among daily smokers

项目摘要 消费者认为，带有"有机"、"天然"或类似描述符的香烟更吸引人， 更健康，或比没有这些描述符的香烟危害更小。在全国范围内，超过45%的美国吸烟者认为 有机烟草产品比传统烟草产品危害小。这些误解甚至更多 在天然美国精神（NAS）香烟的吸烟者中， 吸烟者相信他们的品牌可能危害较小。有一些证据表明，这些误导性的描述影响 潜在和当前消费者的吸烟行为，但结果是基于自我报告。这项研究的现状并没有 告诉我们吸烟者如何解释使用“天然”或“有机”烟草产品的主观影响，我们也不知道 吸烟者对他们主观经验的解释会影响他们实际的吸烟行为和随后的生物学行为。 暴露。本研究以反应期望理论为指导，旨在考察反应期望与认知行为之间的关系， “自然”或“有机”描述符和健康风险预期，主观影响，地形，以及由此产生的生物 暴露。以前的实验研究仅限于在线简短的暴露研究，检查健康风险的变化 预期和意图，并没有包括NAS吸烟者，谁可能有预先存在的信念，"自然"或 “有机”香烟导致“天然”或“有机”香烟更极端的好评率， 传统香烟的负面评价高于其他吸烟者。这项拟议中的研究将研究预期如何 关于"天然"或"有机"的描述符影响主观效果（例如，味道），形貌（例如，总抽吸体积）， 和急性暴露（例如，唾液醛浓度），将描述符与吸烟行为和生物标志物联系起来 NAS和非NAS香烟的日常吸烟者之间的暴露。为了实现这些目标，我们将招募250名成人 在一项受试者内人体实验室研究中，每日吸烟NAS或非NAS品牌香烟的受试者（每组125人） 操纵四个期望条件（自有品牌比较器，"自然"广告，"有机"广告， “传统”广告）。考虑到NAS吸烟者对天然/有机烟草产品可能存在的信念，我们 将检查每个假设中NAS偏好的适度。考虑到女性对有机食品更有好感， 产品和我们团队的初步数据，我们还将检查每个假设中的性别适度。这项工作 FDA烟草产品中心（CTP）的目标是了解烟草产品的变化 特性（即，描述符）与知识、态度和行为相关联。了解如何 描述符不仅影响感知，而且影响对使用香烟的主观解释， 不仅要规范烟草产品的包装，还要规范烟草产品的设计。这些描述符可以 影响消费者对吸烟的主观影响的解释，导致对监管的意外反应。 旨在降低产品滥用风险或吸引力的行动。

PROJECT ABSTRACT Consumers believe that cigarettes with “organic,” “natural,” or similar descriptors are significantly more appealing, healthier, or less harmful than cigarettes without these descriptors. Nationwide, over 45% of US smokers believe that organic tobacco products are less harmful than conventional tobacco products. These misperceptions are even more pronounced among smokers of Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes, who are 22 times more likely than other smokers to believe that their brand might be less harmful. There is some evidence that these misleading descriptors affect potential and current consumers’ smoking behavior, but results are based on self-report. The state of the research does not tell us how smokers interpret the subjective effects of using a “natural” or “organic” tobacco product, nor do we know if smokers’ interpretation of their subjective experience affects their actual smoking behavior and subsequent biological exposures. Guided by response expectancy theory, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between “natural” or “organic” descriptors and health risk expectancies, subjective effects, topography, and resulting biological exposures. Prior experimental research is limited to online brief exposure studies examining changes in health risk expectancies and intentions and has not included NAS smokers, who may have preexisting beliefs about “natural” or “organic” cigarettes that lead to more extreme favorable ratings of “natural” or “organic” cigarettes and more extreme negative ratings of conventional cigarettes than other smokers. The proposed research will examine how expectancies regarding “natural” or “organic” descriptors affect subjective effects (e.g., taste), topography (e.g., total puff volume), and acute exposures (e.g., salivary aldehyde concentrations), linking descriptors with smoking behavior and biomarkers of exposure among daily smokers of NAS and non-NAS cigarettes. To accomplish these aims, we will enroll 250 adult daily cigarette smokers of NAS or non-NAS brands (125 in each group) in a within-subjects human laboratory study manipulating four expectancy conditions (own brand comparator, “natural” advertising, “organic” advertising, “conventional” advertising). Given NAS smokers’ likely preexisting beliefs about natural/organic tobacco products, we will examine moderation by NAS preference in each hypothesis. Given women’s more favorable beliefs about organic products and preliminary data from our team, we will also examine moderation by gender in each hypothesis. This work addresses the FDA Center for Tobacco Products’ (CTP) goal to understand how changes in tobacco product characteristics (i.e., descriptors) are associated with knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Understanding how descriptors affect not only perceptions but also the subjective interpretation of using a cigarette is important as FDA CTP moves forward with regulating not just the packaging, but also the design of tobacco products. These descriptors may affect consumers’ interpretation of the subjective effects of smoking, leading to unexpected responses to regulatory actions meant to reduce the abuse liability or appeal of a product.