Relation to Adoles Binge Brain Beh Supplement

描述（由申请人提供）：这是一个项目的第二次也是最后一次提交，旨在通过脑成像和行为测量来确定大学生酗酒的神经生物学原因和后果。在大学生中，一次狂饮或大量饮酒的现象越来越多，而且越来越多的学生陷入了“极端狂饮”的境地，一次狂饮的量是标准定义的两到三倍。这是令人不安的，因为前额皮质（PFC）在20岁出头时还在继续发育，青少年的大脑对酒精的影响特别敏感。行为去抑制和奖励加工缺陷的各个方面已知与精神病理和物质使用障碍（包括酒精使用障碍）的一般脆弱性有关。两个研究领域的进展为这个项目提供了理论依据。一个是aud成像研究的增加，表明功能磁共振成像（fMRI）激活提供了比其他方法更敏感的去抑制和奖励加工缺陷分析。第二，越来越多的神经影像学文献表明，前额叶皮层（PFC）的自上而下控制系统从青春期早期到20岁出头呈线性成熟，而奖励系统的腹侧纹状体区域在青春期中期成熟。自上而下的PFC网络与皮层下奖励系统的不对称成熟表明，在大学一年级的评估中，过早的第一次饮酒（AFD）和持续的早期酗酒会导致奖励处理和反应抑制网络的异常。而在大学入学阶段，由于奖励制度的成熟，豪饮行为对反应抑制网络的影响更为显著。在接下来的两年里，暴饮暴食会进一步损害早期AFD受试者的大脑网络，并可能开始损害大学新生暴饮暴食的奖励网络。该项目将评估典型和极端暴饮暴食与大脑功能和结构的关系，以及与风险决策的关系，以及与大学生AUDS相关的人格心理能力方面的关系。我们将在两项任务中使用功能磁共振成像来激活大脑系统，这些系统已被证明与问题酒精使用有关。一项任务需要行为抑制（Go/NoGo任务），该任务由背外侧pfc介导。另一项任务允许受试者在fMRI扫描期间赚钱，并激活腹侧脑奖励系统和腹内侧pfc。还将给出一系列人格和心理能力的实验室和自我报告测量，并评估脑成像和行为测量的相互关系。成像和行为测试将在两年后再次进行评估持续暴食与奖励和反应抑制过程的关系。该项目的长期目标是通过使用脑成像识别的异常信息来提高行为干预对暴饮暴食的效果。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This the second and final submission of a project designed to identify the neurobiological causes and consequences of binge drinking in college students using brain imaging and behavioral measures of disinibition and reward processing. Binge drinking or drinking large amounts of alcohol on a single occasion is increasing in college students and a growing subset of students engage in "extreme bingeing", drinking two or three times more on one occasion than the standard definition of bingeing. This is troubling because the prefrontal cortex (PFC) continues to develop into the early 20's and the adolescent brain is particularly sensitive to the effects of alcohol use.  Aspects of behavioral disinhibition and reward processing deficits are known to be associated with a general vulnerability toward a spectrum of psychopathological and substance use disorders including alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Advances in two areas of research provide the rationale for this project. One is an increase in imaging studies of AUDs indicating that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activations offer more sensitive assays of disinhibition and reward processing deficits than other measures. The 2nd is growing neuroimaging literature indicating that top-down control systems in prefrontal cortex (PFC) mature linearly from early adolescence into the early twenties whereas ventral striatal areas of the reward system mature in mid-adolescence. Asymmetric maturation of top-down PFC networks vs the subcortical reward system suggests that an early age of first drink (AFD) and continued early bingeing would result in abnormalities in both reward processing- and response inhibition- networks when assessed in the 1st year of college. In contrast, initiation of binge drinking at college entry would predominantly impact the response inhibition network since the reward system is mature. Bingeing throughout the next two years would further impair both brain networks in subjects with an early AFD, and may begin to impair reward networks in college-entry initiates of bingeing.  This project will assess the relationship of typical and extreme bingeing to measures of brain function and structure as well as to measures of risky decision making, and to aspects of personality mental abilities related to AUDS in college students. We will use fMRI during two tasks that activate brain systems that have been shown to be involved in problematic alcohol use. One task requires behavioral inhibition (Go/NoGo task) that is mediated by the dorsolateral PFC. The other task permits subject's to earn money during the fMRI scan and activates ventral brain reward systems and ventromedial PFC. A battery of laboratory and self-report measures of personality and mental abilities will also be given and the inter-relationships of the brain imagin and behavioral measures will be assessed. The imaging and behavioral battery will be administered again after 2 years to assess relationships of continuing bingeing to reward and response inhibition processes. The long-term goal of the project is improved efficacy of behavioral interventions into bingeing by using information concerning abnormalities identified by brain imaging.