Aging & Accurate Face Impressions: Perceptual, Neural & Motivational Mechanisms

老化

• 批准号: 8450135
• 负责人: LESLIE A. ZEBROWITZ
• 金额: $ 45.04万
• 依托单位: BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2011
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2011-05-01 至 2016-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8450135
• 关键词: Adaptive Behaviors; Address; Age; Aging; Agreement; Anger; Appearance; Behavioral; Brain region; Categories; Cognitive; Competence; Counseling; Coupled; Cues; Diet; Dopamine; Elderly; Emotional; Emotions; Ethnic Origin; Face; Fostering; Fraud; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Goals; Health; Hostility; Intelligence; Intervention; Literature; Longevity; Methods; Metric; Motivation; Neurophysiology - biologic function; Neurosciences; Personal Satisfaction; Persons; Process; Public Health; Research; Social Interaction; Stimulus; Structure; Testing; Time; Variant; Visual; Visual Cortex; affective neuroscience; age difference; age effect; age related; aging brain; contagion; distraction; emotion regulation; face perception; fitness; impression; information processing; interest; programs; psychologic; psychopharmacologic; public health relevance; relating to nervous system; response; sex; showing emotion; social; therapy development; trait; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Successful aging is a crucial public health challenge. Because accurate trait impressions from faces provide a significant guide to adaptive social interactions, ameliorating any age-related declines in accuracy is integral to addressing that challenge, and this is the long range goal of the proposed research. Accurate assessments of traits like health, hostility, honesty, and competence are important for avoiding contagion and physical harm and seeking appropriate counsel across the lifespan. Yet, there is a dearth of research investigating the accuracy of older adults' (OA) impressions of these traits despite reason to expect age-related decrements. Young adults' (YA) trait impressions are influenced by overgeneralized responses to facial qualities that provide useful information about social interaction possibilities. More specifically, YA tend to generalize their adaptive responses to facial qualities that mark babies, low fitness, or emotion expressions to people whose facial structure merely resembles babies (babyface overgeneralization), low fitness (anomalous face overgeneralization) or an emotion expression (emotion face overgeneralization). Moreover, generalizing from negative facial qualities, including resemblance to an angry face or an anomalous face, fosters accurate trait impressions, whereas generalizing from positive facial qualities, such as high attractiveness or resemblance to a happy face or a baby's face does not. A separate body of research reveals that OA are worse than YA at recognizing negative emotion expressions, including anger, and less responsive than YA to other negatively valenced stimuli, whereas there is little age difference in recognition of happy expressions or response to positively valenced stimuli. The utility of negatively valenced facial cues for achieving accurate impressions coupled with evidence that OA may be less sensitive to such cues motivates the specific aims of the proposed research. Nine studies use behavioral, neural, and psychopharmacological methods to determine whether: 1) OA and YA show more agreement in trait impressions of faces that vary in positivity (medium to positively valenced cues) than those that vary in negativity (medium to negatively valenced cues); 2) OA show less accurate trait impressions than YA; and whether age differences in trait impressions from faces are influenced by 3) decreased dopamine function in OA; 4) greater emotion regulation in OA; 5) more selective processing of personally relevant faces in OA; and 6) more visual dedifferentiation in OA. By integrating research on trait impressions from faces in YA with research on age-related changes in neural function, motivation, and information processing to achieve these specific aims, the proposed research will contribute to understanding when and why impressions change with age as well as what factors contribute to accurate trait impressions at any age. The findings will advance the fields of aging as well as social affective neuroscience, with implications for the development of interventions to reduce age-related vulnerabilities to maladaptive social interactions that can have negative physical, financial, or psychological repercussions.

描述（由申请人提供）：成功老龄化是一个关键的公共卫生挑战。由于面部的准确特征印象为适应性社会互动提供了重要的指导，因此改善任何与年龄相关的准确性下降是应对这一挑战的必要条件，这也是拟议研究的长期目标。对健康、敌意、诚实和能力等特征的准确评估对于避免传染和身体伤害以及在整个生命周期中寻求适当的建议非常重要。然而，尽管有理由期待与年龄相关的衰退，但缺乏研究调查老年人（OA）对这些特征的印象的准确性。年轻人（YA）的特质印象的影响，过度概括的反应，提供有用的信息，社会互动的可能性的面部素质。更具体地说，YA倾向于将他们对婴儿面部特征的适应性反应，低适应性，或面部结构仅类似于婴儿的人（婴儿脸过度泛化），低适应性（异常脸过度泛化）或情绪表达（情绪脸过度泛化）。此外，从负面的面部品质，包括与愤怒的脸或异常的脸相似，进行概括，可以培养准确的特质印象，而从正面的面部品质，如高吸引力或与快乐的脸或婴儿的脸相似，则不能。另一项研究表明，OA在识别负面情绪表达（包括愤怒）方面比YA差，对其他负价刺激的反应比YA少，而在识别快乐表达或对正价刺激的反应方面几乎没有年龄差异。负效价面部线索的效用，实现准确的印象，再加上证据表明，OA可能是不太敏感，这样的线索，激发了特定的目标，所提出的研究。九项研究使用行为，神经和精神药理学方法来确定是否：1）OA和YA在积极性不同的面孔的特质印象中表现出更多的一致性（中等到积极价值的线索）比那些在消极性上不同的线索（2）OA比YA表现出更不准确的特质印象;以及面孔特质印象的年龄差异是否受到以下因素的影响：3）OA中多巴胺功能下降; 4）OA中更大的情绪调节; 5）OA中对个人相关面孔的更多选择性处理; 6）OA的视觉去分化程度更高。通过整合研究的特质印象从面孔在YA与年龄相关的神经功能，动机和信息处理的变化，以实现这些特定的目标的研究，拟议的研究将有助于了解何时以及为什么印象随着年龄的变化，以及什么因素有助于准确的特质印象在任何年龄。这些发现将推动老龄化和社会情感神经科学领域的发展，并对干预措施的发展产生影响，以减少与年龄相关的适应不良社会互动的脆弱性，这些脆弱性可能会产生负面的身体，财务或心理影响。