Genetic Contributions of Negative Valence Systems to Internalizing Pathways

描述（由申请人提供）：内化障碍（ID）代表了影响普通人群的情绪障碍的最大领域。近年来，在检查和定义功能的基本维度（例如，神经或生理）方面已经付出了巨大的努力，这些维度跨越了当前病分学传统上定义的内化障碍。因此，本研究的目的是在一个遗传信息丰富的青少年双胞胎样本中，研究用于探测负价系统（NVS）表达（例如，恐惧，快感缺乏）的测量之间的关系。该设计允许检查遗传和环境因素之间的相互作用，作为阐明NVS涉及的因果机制以及NVS在内化症状和综合征途径中的作用的一种方式。在这个设计中，我们将管理一套信息丰富的经过验证的维度测量，利用NVS，重点关注五个相关的构念，包括焦虑、恐惧、压力、悲伤/快感缺乏和易怒。基因对精神病理的影响会发生变化，因此不同的发育阶段与一种独特的风险因素模式有关，这些风险因素代表着发育、基因和环境之间的动态相互作用。因此，我们将以一个关键的发展时期为目标，重点关注从青少年晚期开始到成年早期的过渡阶段。这种转变将涉及到大约一半的普通人口离开家/家庭和已建立的同伴网络。对于这些个体来说，一些显著的环境变化将会发生，这些变化将影响他们的情绪功能和内化症状表达的轨迹。因此，在这个独特的发育时期之前，从遗传信息的角度测量NVS，对于确定基因和环境对NVS表达的共同和特定贡献及其对ID发育的影响是理想的。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Internalizing disorders (ID) represent the largest domain of emotional disturbances that affect the general population. In recent years, significant effort has been put into examining and defining basic dimensions of functioning (e.g., neural or physiologic) that cut across internalizing disorders as traditionally defined by current nosology. Thus, the goal of the current study is to examine relationships between measures constructed to probe negative valence system (NVS) expression (e.g., fear, anhedonia) in a genetically informative adolescent twin sample. This design allows for the examination of the interplay between genetic and environmental factors as a way of elucidating causal mechanisms involved in the NVS and the role the NVS plays in pathways to internalizing symptoms and syndromes. Within this design we will administer an informative suite of well-validated dimensional measures that tap into the NVS, focusing on five related constructs including anxiety, fear, stress, sadness/anhedonia, and irritability. The influence of genes on psychopathology changes such that different developmental stages are associated with a unique pattern of risk factors representing a dynamic interplay between development, genes, and environment. For this reason, we will target a critical developmental period, focusing on the transition that begins during the late teen years and proceeds into young adulthood. This transition will involve moving away from home/family and established peer networks for approximately half of the general population. For these individuals, a number of significant environmental changes will occur that will impact their emotional functioning and trajectory of internalizing symptom expression. Thus, measuring NVS before this unique developmental period from a genetically informed perspective is ideal for determining the shared and specific contributions of genes and environment to NVS expression and its influence on ID development.