The Effects of Attention in Human Visual Cortex

注意力对人类视觉皮层的影响

• 批准号: 8916733
• 负责人: GEOFFREY M BOYNTON
• 金额: $ 37.14万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1999
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1999-08-16 至 2019-08-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8916733
• 关键词: Address; Area; Attention; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; Autistic Disorder; Behavioral; Books; Brain; Brain imaging; Clinical; Complex; Computer Simulation; Data; Decision Making; Discrimination; Disease; Dyslexia; Employee Strikes; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Goals; Health; Human; Image; Individual; Knowledge; Lateral Geniculate Body; Learning; Link; Literature; Location; Macaca; Measures; Modeling; Monkeys; Motion; Neurons; Performance; Physiological; Process; Psychophysics; Reading; Recording of previous events; Research; Role; Sensory Process; Series; Source; Stimulus; Telephone; Time; Uncertainty; Visual; Visual Cortex; Visual attention; Work; attentional modulation; attenuation; autism spectrum disorder; base; behavior measurement; behavioral study; cost; design; extrastriate visual cortex; feeding; insight; lexical; neuroimaging; neurophysiology; optical imaging; relating to nervous system; research study; response; selective attention

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Humans are excellent at selecting the relevant part of a cluttered visual scene or the relevant conversation at a noisy party. In contrast, humans are often not so successful at dividing attention over multiple stimuli. One cannot read two books at once and is it is not wise to talk on a phone and drive at the same time. Much has been learned about the effects of attention on physiological responses in the human and monkey visual cortex. However nearly all of this work has addressed selective attention, which is when attention is directed to one source of information over another. In general, studies of selective attention have shown that activity in many areas of the brain is greater for a stimulus that is relevant to the current task compared to a stimulus that is not relevant. Surprisingly, very littl is known about the effects of divided attention - paying attention to more than one thing on a time - on neuronal responses. This lack of a physiological literature is particularly surprising given the long history of research on the effects of divided attention on behavioral performance. Interestingly. these behavioral studies show a wide range of effects: for discrimination of simple features there can little cost to attended to multiple stimuli at a time, whereas for higher-level perceptual tasks such as reading words it may impossible to attend to more than one stimulus at a time. Here we propose a series of behavioral and imaging studies to examine the physiological basis of divided attention. We will (1) examine what factors in a task result in a cost when dividing attention. In particular we will examine whether it is the complexity of the stimulus or the task that is the critical factor for both a simple grating task (Specific Aim 1) an complex lexical task (Specific Aim 2). Second we will determine the cause of reduced neural responses and impaired behavioral performance when attentional capacity is limited. In particular, we will determine whether attentional limitations are due to attenuation of attentional gain, a shift to serial processing or suppressive interactions between stimuli. Finally we will examine the spatial profile of attentional modulations during divided attention: whether it is spread broadly across space and/or features or allocated discretely. This gap in the literature is of clinical importance. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder and ADHD show differential divided attention effects: a deeper understanding of the mechanism underlying divided attention is likely to prove critical in linking these behavioral differences to underlying neurophysiologica mechanisms.

描述（由申请人提供）：人类在选择混乱的视觉场景或相关对话的相关部分方面非常出色。相比之下，人类通常在将注意力分配到多种刺激方面并不那么成功。一个人不能一次读两本书，也不明智地在电话上交谈并同时开车。 关于注意力对人类和猴子视觉皮层的生理反应的影响已经了解了很多。但是，几乎所有这些工作都涉及选择性关注，这是当关注到另一个信息来源的关注时。通常，对选择性注意力的研究表明，与无关的刺激相比，与当前任务相关的刺激的许多区域的活动更大。 令人惊讶的是，非常了解分裂注意力的影响 - 一度关注多个事情对神经元反应的影响。鉴于生理文献缺乏，鉴于 关于分裂关注对行为绩效的影响的悠久研究历史。有趣的是。这些行为研究表明了广泛的效果：对于歧视简单特征，一次对多个刺激的成本几乎不可能，而对于高级感知任务（例如阅读单词），一次可能不可能一次参加一个以上的刺激。 在这里，我们提出了一系列行为和成像研究，以检查注意力分裂的生理基础。我们将（1）检查任务中的哪些因素在分配注意力时会导致成本。特别是，我们将研究刺激的复杂性还是任务是简单的光栅任务（特定目标1）复杂的词汇任务（特定目标2）的关键因素。其次，当注意力能力受到限制时，我们将确定神经反应降低和行为表现受损的原因。特别是，我们将确定注意力限制是否是由于注意力的衰减 增益，转向串行处理或刺激之间的抑制作用。最后，我们将在划分的注意力调制过程中检查注意调制的空间概况：它是在空间和/或特征上广泛传播还是离散分配。 文献中的这个差距是 临床重要性。患有自闭症谱系障碍和多动症的个体表现出差异的注意力效应：对划分注意力的机制的更深入的理解对于将这些行为差异与潜在的神经生理学机制联系起来至关重要。