Communicating harm of new tobacco products

描述(申请人提供)：尽管在过去的几十年里，公众教育活动取得了显著的成果，但许多人仍然低估了烟草使用的风险。新的和可替代的烟草产品，如鼻烟、可溶物和电子烟的积极营销使情况变得更加复杂。需要作出及时的公共卫生反应，包括就烟草产品对健康的影响和对新烟草产品的监管进行更细致的交流。尽管自2006年以来，新的烟草产品已经在美国上市，但检验有效反信息的研究几乎不存在。拟议的项目将通过追求三个具体目标来确定传达烟草产品危害的有效方式：(1)确定信息和情感反烟草信息的关键特征(例如，命名特定疾病、描述受影响的身体部位或列出有害化学物质)。(2)比较信息性信息和将信息与情感诉求相结合的信息对烟草产品危害的感知、使用烟草产品的意图以及对这些产品监管的态度的影响。(3)确定关于香烟和新型烟草产品的沟通如何显著影响不同亚群--现任吸烟者、曾经吸烟者和不吸烟者--的信息处理和对反烟草信息的反应。目标1的工作将在K99阶段进行，在此阶段确定的情绪和信息信息的关键特征将为制定用于目标2(R00阶段)测试的反烟草信息提供信息。在R00阶段，我将运行一系列四项研究，在不同的信息主题(如成瘾、烟草产品的有害成分或二手烟)、各种烟草产品(香烟和新型烟草产品)以及不同人群(现任和前任吸烟者和不吸烟者)中测试Aim 2的假设。这些研究的数据将汇集在一起，通过综合数据分析实现目标3，这也将在R00阶段进行。在评估反烟草信息的效果方面，该项目将超越过去主导香烟警告标签研究的图像/文字二分法。拟议的研究将以反烟草信息的处理和结果的新概念模型为指导，并将审查对信息的可取反应和不希望的反应，如信息回避或抗拒，这是关于反烟草信息的另一个研究领域，只得到有限的经验关注。这项建议将使我能够在烟草控制多学科专家团队的指导下，扩大我在烟草控制、监管科学、先进统计方法和行为干预方面的培训，并为我开始独立研究生涯提供关键的初步数据。这项研究与开发新的有效工具直接相关，以抵消对新烟草产品的更多宣传，并将为FDA关于新的和已有的烟草产品，包括图形警告标签的决策和教育努力提供信息。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Despite significant gains achieved by public education campaigns in past decades, many people still underestimate the risks of tobacco use. The situation is compounded by aggressive marketing of new and alternative tobacco products, such as snus, dissolvables, and electronic cigarettes. A timely public health response comprising more nuanced communication about health effects of tobacco products and regulation of new tobacco products is needed. Although new tobacco products have been marketed in the US since 2006, research examining effective counter-messages has been virtually nonexistent. The proposed project will determine effective ways to communicate harm of tobacco products by pursuing three Specific Aims: (1) Identify key features (e.g., naming specific diseases, depicting affected body parts, or listing harmful chemicals) of informational and emotional anti-tobacco messages. (2) Compare the effects of informational messages and those that combine information with emotional appeals on perceptions of harm of tobacco products, intentions to use tobacco products, and attitudes towards regulation of these products. (3) Determine how communication about cigarettes vs. novel tobacco products distinctly impacts message processing and responses to anti-tobacco messages among different subpopulations - current smokers, former smokers, and non-smokers. Work on Aim 1 will happen during the K99 phase and the key features of emotional and informational messages determined during this stage will inform development of anti-tobacco messages for testing in Aim 2 (R00 phase). During the R00 phase, I will run a series of four studies to test hypotheses of Aim 2 with different message topics (such as addiction, harmful constituents of tobacco products, or second-hand smoke), with various tobacco products (cigarettes and novel tobacco products), and in different populations (current and former smokers and non-smokers). The data from these studies will be pooled to accomplish Aim 3 through integrative data analysis, which will also occur in the R00 stage. In evaluating effects of anti-tobacco messages this project will go beyond the image/text dichotomy that dominated past research on cigarette warning labels. The proposed studies will be guided by the new conceptual model of processing and outcomes of anti-tobacco messages and will examine both desirable responses to the message and undesirable responses, such as message avoidance or reactance, another area of research on anti-tobacco messages that has received only limited empirical attention. This proposal will enable me to expand my training in tobacco control, regulatory science, advanced statistical methods, and behavioral interventions under the mentorship of a multidisciplinary team of experts in tobacco control, and provide critical preliminary data for me to launch my independent research career. This research is directly relevant to the development of new effective tools to counteract the increased promotion of novel tobacco products and will inform the FDA's policymaking and educational efforts on new and established tobacco products, including graphic warning labels.