Using Implicit Measures to Improve Prediction of Hazardous Drinking

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议研究的总体目标是改善大学生危险饮酒（HD;重度饮酒和酒精相关的负面后果）的预测。对于年轻人来说，大学岁月与大量饮酒和问题的风险增加有关，包括死亡，身体伤害，性和/或身体攻击，无保护的性行为以及醉酒驾驶。饮酒的双过程模型提出了一种改善HD预测的方法。双过程模型认为，外显（慢的、反射性的）认知过程和内隐（快的、反射性的）认知过程都对成瘾行为起作用。然而，酒精研究强调外显过程，这可能会使内隐过程无法解释。拟议的研究旨在通过使用酒精协会的内隐测量（IM）来解释内隐过程，从而增加对HD的预测。我们建议重点关注HD的两个不同方面的预测。首先，双重过程模型表明，内隐过程变得越来越重要，成瘾行为成为建立。对于大学生来说，大学初期既是饮酒行为形成的时期，也是HD风险升高的时期。因此，我们建议进行一项前瞻性研究，将遵循随机抽样的500名学生在他们的大学早期，并评估即时消息，他们明确的自我报告措施（EM）的同行，并在3个月的时间间隔2年的危险饮酒措施。我们将调查全方位的饮酒者（从戒酒者到重度饮酒者），这将允许检查危险饮酒，IM和EM的人内和人与人之间的变化。第二，双过程模型认为，在既定的饮酒者，内隐过程应占主导地位时，认知加工资源是有限的或不太可能被应用，如在存在的积极影响或自我调节资源耗尽（自我耗尽）。对于饮酒的大学生来说，积极的情感和自我耗尽相关的饮酒与更多的酒精消费和经历更多的酒精相关问题有关。因此，我们建议进行2项实验室研究，其中包括IM和EM;诱导积极影响或自我消耗;并测量参与者在随后的随意饮酒任务中的酒精消耗量。每项研究将招募100名法定年龄、大学生和重度间歇性饮酒者。研究2和3将，因此，允许调查的IM和EM的实际酒精消费的预测积极影响或自我损耗条件下-条件与风险增加和浅认知过程-在一个样本中建立饮酒者。总的来说，拟议的研究旨在通过解释内隐过程来改善对大学生HD的预测，并最终旨在确定预防和干预工作的其他目标。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The overarching objective of the proposed research is to improve the prediction of hazardous drinking (HD; heavy alcohol use and negative alcohol-related consequences) in college students. For young adults, the college years are associated with increased risk for heavy alcohol use and problems, including death, physical injury, sexual and/or physical assault, unprotected sex, and driving while intoxicated. Dual process models of drinking suggest a way to improve the prediction of HD. Dual process models posit that both explicit (slow, reflective) cognitive processes and implicit (fast, reflexive) cognitive processes contribute to addictive behaviors. However, alcohol research has emphasized explicit processes, which may leave implicit processes unaccounted for. The proposed research seeks to increase the prediction of HD by accounting for implicit processes through the use implicit measures (IMs) of alcohol associations. We propose to focus on the prediction of two, different aspects of HD. First, dual process models posit that implicit processes become increasingly important as addictive behaviors become established. For college students, the early college years represent both a time period when drinking behaviors are being established and a time period of heightened risk for HD. Therefore, we propose to conduct a prospective study that will follow a random sample of 500 students in their early college years and assess IMs, their explicit self-report measure (EM) counterparts, and measures of hazardous drinking at 3-month intervals for 2 years. We will investigate the full range of drinkers (abstainers to heavy users) a a time of increased risk, which will allow for an examination of within- and between-person change in hazardous drinking, IMs, and EMs. Second, dual process models posit that, in established drinkers, implicit processes should dominate when cognitive processing resources are limited or are unlikely to be applied, such as in the presence of positive affect or when self-regulation resources are depleted (ego-depleted). For college students drinkers, positive affect and ego-depleted-related drinking are associated with greater alcohol consumption and experiencing more alcohol-related problems. Therefore, we propose to conduct 2 laboratory studies that will include IMs and EMs; induce positive affect or ego depletion; and measure participants' alcohol consumption in a subsequent ad lib drinking task. A sample of 100 legal-age, college student, and heavy episodic drinkers will be recruited for each study. Studies 2 and 3 will, thus, allow for an investigation of IMs and EMs as predictors of actual alcohol consumption under positive affect or ego depletion conditions - conditions that are associated with increased risk and shallower cognitive processes - in a sample of established drinkers. Collectively, the proposed studies are intended to improve the prediction of HD in college students by accounting for implicit processes, and ultimately, are intended to identify additional targets for prevention and intervention efforts.