Using Implicit Measures to Improve Prediction of Hazardous Drinking

描述（由申请人提供）：拟议研究的总体目标是提高对大学生有害饮酒（HD；大量饮酒和酒精相关的负面后果）的预测。对于年轻人来说，大学时代与大量饮酒和问题的风险增加有关，包括死亡、身体伤害、性和/或身体攻击、无保护的性行为和醉酒驾驶。饮酒双过程模型提出了一种改进HD预测的方法。双过程模型假设外显（缓慢、反射）认知过程和内隐（快速、反射）认知过程都有助于成瘾行为。然而，酒精研究强调了外显过程，这可能使内隐过程无法解释。提出的研究旨在通过使用酒精关联的隐式测量（IMs）来考虑内隐过程，从而增加HD的预测。我们建议关注HD的两个不同方面的预测。首先，双过程模型假设，随着成瘾行为的确立，内隐过程变得越来越重要。对于大学生来说，大学早期是饮酒习惯形成的时期，也是患HD风险增加的时期。因此，我们建议进行一项前瞻性研究，随机抽样500名大学早期的学生，并在2年内每隔3个月评估IMs，他们的明确自我报告测量（EM）和危险饮酒测量。我们将调查所有饮酒者（不饮酒者到重度饮酒者）在风险增加的时间，这将允许检查内部和人与人之间的危险饮酒，即时饮酒和即时饮酒的变化。第二，双过程模型假设，在成熟饮酒者中，当认知加工资源有限或不太可能应用时，内隐过程应该占主导地位，例如在存在积极影响或自我调节资源耗尽时（自我枯竭）。对于大学生饮酒者来说，积极影响和自我消耗相关的饮酒与更多的酒精消费量和更多的酒精相关问题有关。因此，我们建议进行两项实验室研究，其中包括即时医学和即时医学；诱发积极影响或自我损耗；并在随后的即兴饮酒任务中测量参与者的饮酒量。每项研究将招募100名法定年龄的大学生和重度间歇性饮酒者作为样本。因此，研究2和3将允许调查在积极影响或自我消耗条件下（与风险增加和认知过程较浅相关的条件），IMs和EMs作为实际饮酒者样本的预测因素。总的来说，提出的研究旨在通过考虑内隐过程来提高对大学生HD的预测，最终，旨在确定预防和干预工作的额外目标。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The overarching objective of the proposed research is to improve the prediction of hazardous drinking (HD; heavy alcohol use and negative alcohol-related consequences) in college students. For young adults, the college years are associated with increased risk for heavy alcohol use and problems, including death, physical injury, sexual and/or physical assault, unprotected sex, and driving while intoxicated. Dual process models of drinking suggest a way to improve the prediction of HD. Dual process models posit that both explicit (slow, reflective) cognitive processes and implicit (fast, reflexive) cognitive processes contribute to addictive behaviors. However, alcohol research has emphasized explicit processes, which may leave implicit processes unaccounted for. The proposed research seeks to increase the prediction of HD by accounting for implicit processes through the use implicit measures (IMs) of alcohol associations. We propose to focus on the prediction of two, different aspects of HD. First, dual process models posit that implicit processes become increasingly important as addictive behaviors become established. For college students, the early college years represent both a time period when drinking behaviors are being established and a time period of heightened risk for HD. Therefore, we propose to conduct a prospective study that will follow a random sample of 500 students in their early college years and assess IMs, their explicit self-report measure (EM) counterparts, and measures of hazardous drinking at 3-month intervals for 2 years. We will investigate the full range of drinkers (abstainers to heavy users) a a time of increased risk, which will allow for an examination of within- and between-person change in hazardous drinking, IMs, and EMs. Second, dual process models posit that, in established drinkers, implicit processes should dominate when cognitive processing resources are limited or are unlikely to be applied, such as in the presence of positive affect or when self-regulation resources are depleted (ego-depleted). For college students drinkers, positive affect and ego-depleted-related drinking are associated with greater alcohol consumption and experiencing more alcohol-related problems. Therefore, we propose to conduct 2 laboratory studies that will include IMs and EMs; induce positive affect or ego depletion; and measure participants' alcohol consumption in a subsequent ad lib drinking task. A sample of 100 legal-age, college student, and heavy episodic drinkers will be recruited for each study. Studies 2 and 3 will, thus, allow for an investigation of IMs and EMs as predictors of actual alcohol consumption under positive affect or ego depletion conditions - conditions that are associated with increased risk and shallower cognitive processes - in a sample of established drinkers. Collectively, the proposed studies are intended to improve the prediction of HD in college students by accounting for implicit processes, and ultimately, are intended to identify additional targets for prevention and intervention efforts.