Cookstove air pollution: Emission profiles and subclinical effects of exposure

炉灶空气污染：排放概况和暴露的亚临床影响

• 批准号: 9278173
• 负责人: Jennifer L Peel
• 金额: $ 77.59万
• 依托单位: COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-08-15 至 2019-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9278173
• 关键词: Acute; Address; Aerosols; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Area; Aromatic Polycyclic Hydrocarbons; Blood Pressure; Carbon; Carbon Black; Cardiovascular system; Categories; Climate; Coagulation Process; Complement; Cookstove; Data; Data Set; Elbow; Environmental Health; Epidemiology; Equipment and supply inventories; Exhalation; Exposure to; Fire - disasters; Future; Gases; Health; Health Benefit; Health Hazards; Household; Human; Inflammation; International; Isocyanates; Knowledge; Laboratories; Lead; Light; Mass Spectrum Analysis; Measurement; Modeling; Motor Vehicles; Nitric Oxide; Optics; Oxidative Stress; Particulate; Petroleum; Phase; Planets; Platelet Activation; Property; Radon; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Risk; Risk Assessment; Sanitation; Scientific Inquiry; Smoke; Source; System; Techniques; Technology; Testing; Vent; Water; air filter; base; burden of illness; climate change; climate impact; contaminated drinking water; design; experience; exposed human population; falls; field study; global health; heart rate variability; human morbidity; human mortality; improved; indexing; insight; novel; open source; particulate pollutant; planetary Atmosphere; pollutant; programs; public health relevance; response; solid fuel; ultrafine particle; weather patterns

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Approximately three billion people use traditional, inefficient and poorly vented indoor cookstoves to meet basic energy needs. Exposure to air pollutant emissions from these cookstoves, experienced primarily by the world's poorest people, accounts for 4.5% of the global burden of disease. This form of combustion is also the second leading source of light-absorbing carbon in the atmosphere. To address this problem, one focus has been to develop solid-fuel combustion technologies (i.e., improved or cleaner-burning stoves) that are more fuel efficient, affordable, and less polluting. The design and dissemination of cleaner stove technologies could have the single largest benefit to human and environmental health since the emergence of distributed water/sanitation systems in the previous century. The prevailing hypothesis is that any cleaner-burning stove (relative to traditional, open fires) will improve health; however, this hypothesis has not been rigorously tested. Improved stoves can vary widely in terms of pollutant emissions. This project, therefore, seeks to develop credible and representative laboratory data as a first step to test the improved stoves hypothesis and to improve our ability to address this massive threat to global health. We propose two specific aims. The first aim will develop a comprehensive profile of gaseous and particulate pollutants emitted from traditional and improved cookstoves. This aim will develop a more complete inventory of the toxic and climate-forcing pollutants emitted from residential cookstove combustion; these emissions are poorly understood and are likely different from well-characterized combustion sources (e.g., motor vehicles). This aim will provide more credible data for risk assessments and climate impact models, inform better stove design, and will aid our interpretation of health effects observed here (Aim 2) and in other studies. The emissions inventory will be made available online in an open-source format for use by researchers, policymakers, and other stakeholders. The second aim is to conduct a controlled human exposure study to investigate acute, subclinical effects of exposure to emissions from prevalent cookstove technologies. We will investigate markers of cardiorespiratory health (blood pressure, heart rate variability, augmentation index, exhaled nitric oxide, and markers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, coagulation, and platelet activation) in response to short-term exposures from five different stove types producing emissions that fall into various Tier categories promulgated by the International Standards Organization (ISO); several of the ISO Tier categories will result in air pollution concentrations that greatly exceed regulatory levels i the developed world. Thus, whether the introduction of improved stoves representing each of the Tiers within these newly-promulgated standards will produce meaningful health benefits is unclear. This is the first study to quantify the relationship between markers of cardiorespiratory health and exposure to a broad range of stove technologies. This research will inform future directions for stove programs while providing needed insight into the question, "How clean is clean enough?"

描述（由申请人提供）：大约 30 亿人使用传统、低效且通风不良的室内炉灶来满足基本能源需求。接触这些炉灶排放的空气污染物的人主要是世界上最贫穷的人，占全球疾病负担的 4.5%。这种燃烧形式也是大气中吸收光的碳的第二大来源。为了解决这个问题，一个重点是开发燃料效率更高、价格实惠且污染更少的固体燃料燃烧技术（即改进的或更清洁的燃烧炉）。自上个世纪分布式供水/卫生系统出现以来，清洁炉灶技术的设计和传播可能对人类和环境健康产生最大的好处。普遍的假设是，任何更清洁的燃烧炉（相对于传统的明火）都会改善健康；然而，这一假设尚未经过严格检验。改进的炉灶在污染物排放方面差异很大。因此，该项目旨在开发可信且具有代表性的实验室数据，作为测试改良炉灶假设并提高我们应对全球健康这一巨大威胁的能力的第一步。我们提出两个具体目标。第一个目标是对传统和改良炉灶排放的气态和颗粒污染物进行全面分析。这一目标将针对住宅炉灶燃烧排放的有毒污染物和气候影响污染物制定更完整的清单；人们对这些排放知之甚少，并且可能与特征明确的燃烧源（例如机动车辆）不同。这一目标将为风险评估和气候影响模型提供更可靠的数据，为更好的炉灶设计提供信息，并将帮助我们解释此处（目标 2）和其他研究中观察到的健康影响。排放清单将以开源格式在线提供，供研究人员、政策制定者和其他利益相关者使用。第二个目标是进行受控人体暴露研究，以调查暴露于流行炉灶技术排放物的急性、亚临床影响。我们将研究心肺健康的标志物（血压、心率变异性、增强指数、呼出一氧化氮以及全身炎症、氧化应激、凝血和血小板活化的标志物），以应对五种不同炉灶类型的短期暴露，这些炉灶产生的排放属于国际标准组织（ISO）颁布的各个等级类别； several of the ISO Tier categories will result in air pollution concentrations that greatly exceed regulatory levels i the developed world.因此，在这些新颁布的标准中引入代表每个级别的改进炉灶是否会产生有意义的健康益处尚不清楚。这是第一项量化心肺健康指标与接触各种炉灶技术之间关系的研究。这项研究将为炉灶计划的未来方向提供信息，同时提供对“多清洁才算足够清洁”问题所需的见解。