Creating Physical Objects with 3D Printers to Stimulate Reminiscing for Memory Loss

摘要 美国70岁及以上的人中有14%患有痴呆症，超过500万美国老年人 患有老年痴呆症到2050年，将有超过1600万人患有这种疾病，并将在 认知和智力能力，记忆，语言，推理和判断，干扰日常生活 功能致力于以人为中心的痴呆症护理的护理人员寻求非药物治疗， 认识到生命的意义，真实性，历史和每个人的个人喜好。 回忆疗法（RT）是一种以人为中心的痴呆症护理形式，具有相当大的前景。RT 涉及与另一个人或小组讨论过去的活动，事件和经历。这是 往往辅以录像、图片、生活故事书等“辅助手段”。对RT影响的研究 发现了许多好处，包括改善情绪，生活质量，社会交往，认知和记忆。 对工作人员的好处包括增加对他们所照顾的人的了解和减少照顾者的压力。 护理人员可以在RT中使用物理对象作为触发器或有形提示。 自传体的或令人回味的可以是任何大小。幸运的是，3D打印技术已经发展到 其中它可以用于以相对低的成本生产自传体对象的逼真复制品。这 第二阶段有两个目标。第一，设计和实施一个操作模型，用于识别，生产， 以及为RT部署3D对象，同时管理对象保真度和成本。这样一个成功的模式， 对商业化至关重要，确保质量和成本控制。第二，我们将进行随机 使用3D打印物体进行RT的控制场评估。我们有两个假设。1)超过了常规的 RT由16个会话组成，通过3D打印制作的个人物品复制品将更有效地 刺激自传体记忆比其他刺激回忆，并会导致改善， 记忆、情绪、社会互动和生活质量。2)将使用3D对象进行16次RT治疗， 比使用3D物体的8个疗程加上使用其他刺激的8个RT疗程的剂量更有效。

Abstract Fourteen percent of those 70 and older in U.S. suffer from dementia and over 5 million older Americans are living with Alzheimer's. By 2050, over 16 million will have this disease and will experience impairments in cognitive and intellectual ability, memory, language, reasoning, and judgment that interfere with everyday functioning. Caregivers committed to person-centered dementia care seek non-pharmacological therapies that recognize the meaning of life, authenticity, history and personal preferences of each individual person. Reminiscence therapy (RT) is a form of person-centered dementia care that holds considerable promise. RT involves the discussion of past activities, events and experiences, with another person or small group. This is often assisted by “aids” such as videos, pictures, and life storybooks. Research into the impact of RT has found many benefits including improvements in mood, quality of life, social interaction, cognition, and memory. Benefits for staff include increased knowledge of those in their care and a reduction in caregiver stress. Caregiving staff can use physical objects as triggers or tangible prompts in RT. Objects that have become autobiographical or evocative can be any size. Fortunately, 3D printing technology has advanced to the point where it can be used to produce realistic replicas of autobiographical objects at a relatively low cost. This Phase 2 project has two aims. One, to design and implement an operational model for identifying, producing, and deploying 3D objects for RT while managing object fidelity and cost. A successful model such as this will be essential for commercialization, ensuring quality and cost control. Second, we will conduct a randomized control field evaluation of RT using 3D-printed objects. We have two hypotheses. 1) Over a regular program of RT consisting of 16 sessions, the personal object replicas produced by 3D printing will be more effective in stimulating autobiographical memory than other stimuli to reminiscence, and will result in improvements in memory, mood, social interaction, and quality of life. 2) A dosage of 16 sessions of RT using 3D objects will be more effective than a dosage of 8 sessions using 3D objects plus 8 sessions of RT using other stimuli.