Optimizing Configurations of Roadside Sobriety Testing Checkpoints to Reduce Alcohol-Involved Crashes

项目摘要 路边清醒测试是一种干预措施，驻扎在临时检查站的警察阻止驾车者 进行简短的清醒测试科学研究提供了大量证据， 降低了与酒精有关的撞车事故的发生率，一般威慑理论提供了一个明确的机制， 检查站的存在将降低城市范围内的撞车率。不过尽管如此 强有力的经验和理论支持，以及路边清醒测试的潜力，以大大降低利率 在美国，这种方法没有得到充分利用，重要的方面是 不太了解。关键是，警察部门没有关于最佳空间的经验指导， 配置（城市内检查站的物理位置），时间配置（日期和时间 检查点）和现场配置（清醒测试的次数和测试持续时间）。 检查站），这将最大限度地减少与酒精有关的撞车事故，并最大限度地减少执法成本。 本研究的具体目的是：（i）评估 城市内涉及酒精的撞车事故的个别路边清醒测试检查站，（ii）评估影响 在多个空间尺度上，对涉及酒精的车祸进行路边清醒度测试检查， (iii)确定路边清醒度测试检查点p的最佳配置，以最小化行驶时间t， 城市中的酒精事故为了实现这些目标，我们将访问详细的检查点和崩溃 来自澳大利亚昆士兰州的数据，这是一个广泛使用路边清醒测试的司法管辖区， 其中检查点数据在空间和时间分辨率上以及在 在美国是不可能的。因为所有的路边清醒测试项目都会通过以下方式影响与酒精有关的撞车事故： 相同的理论机制，结果将推广到美国。选择全部15个 人口在1万到50万之间的昆士兰州城市，我们将计算检查站的数量， 在两个空间尺度（城市内，以及嵌套在城市内的小型人口普查单位内）发生崩溃。我们将使用 审查回归分析，以评估城市内的时间关系，和贝叶斯条件 自回归分析，以评估人口普查单位内的空间关系和城市范围。我们 然后将使用位置分配启发式算法来确定城市内检查站的最佳配置， 将列举收益（避免崩溃）和成本（检查点）之间的预期权衡。基于 根据这些分析的结果，我们将向美国警察部门提出建议， 路边清醒检查站的最佳空间、时间和站点配置， 稀缺的警察资源，最大限度地提高现有方案的有效性，鼓励更广泛地使用路边 酒精测试，并最终降低与酒精有关的撞车率。

PROJECT SUMMARY Roadside sobriety testing is an intervention in which police stationed at temporary checkpoints stop motorists in order to conduct a brief sobriety test. Scientific studies provide substantial evidence that the approach reduces rates of alcohol-involved crashes, and general deterrence theory provides a clear mechanism by which the presence of checkpoints will reduce crash rates over the extent of a city. However, despite this strong empirical and theoretical support, and the potential for roadside sobriety testing to greatly reduce rates of alcohol-involved crashes, the approach is underutilized in the United States and important aspects are poorly understood. Critically, police departments have no empirical guidance regarding the optimal spatial configurations (the physical location of checkpoints within cities), temporal configurations (the days and times at which checkpoints are conducted), and site configurations (the number of sobriety tests and duration of the checkpoints) that will maximize reductions in alcohol-involved crashes and minimize law enforcement costs. The specific aims of this study are to (i) assess the immediate effect and rate of sustained impact over time of individual roadside sobriety testing checkpoints on alcohol-involved crashes within cities, (ii) assess the effect of individual roadside sobriety testing checkpoints on alcohol-involved crashes at multiple spatial scales, and (iii) identify optimal configurations of roadside sobriety testing checkpoints, p, to minimize travel time, t, to alcohol-involved crashes within cities. To achieve these aims we will access detailed checkpoint and crash data from the Australian state of Queensland, a jurisdiction where roadside sobriety testing is widely used and where checkpoint data are available at a spatial and temporal resolution and over a geographic extent that is not possible in the US. Because all roadside sobriety testing programs affect alcohol-involved crashes through the same theoretical mechanism, results will be generalizable to the United States. Selecting all 15 Queensland cities with populations between 10,000 and 500,000, we will calculate counts of checkpoints and crashes at two spatial scales (within cities, and within small Census units nested within the cities). We will use censored regression analyses to assess temporal relationships within cities, and Bayesian conditional autoregressive analyses to assess spatial relationships within Census units and across the extent of cities. We will then use a location-allocation heuristic to identify optimal configurations of checkpoints within cities, and will enumerate the predicted trade-off between benefits (crashes averted) and costs (checkpoints). Based on the results of these analyses, we will produce recommendations to US police departments regarding the optimal spatial, temporal, and site configurations of roadside sobriety checkpoints that minimize burdens on scarce police resources, maximize the effectiveness of existing programs, encourage wider use of roadside sobriety testing, and ultimately reduce rates of alcohol-involved crashes.