Cellphone Laws, Texting While Driving, and Traffic Crashes Among the Youngest Drivers

项目概要/摘要 青少年驾驶员与手机有关的撞车事故比例最高，交通事故是他们的主要原因 死因了从2014年到2016年，全国14-17岁司机的死亡率上升了17%， 增加手机相关的分心驾驶作为建议的贡献者。虽然40个州和华盛顿特区 颁布了禁止司机使用手机的法律，禁止在2017年9月前使用手机或手持设备， 变化很大（例如，所有手机禁令与手持电话禁令，所有许可证类型与学习者许可证/中级 许可证）。禁止司机打电话及其具体规定在多大程度上减少了发短信， Crash是未知的。因此，我们提出了一个为期四年的项目，其目标是确定，在多个 美国，禁止司机打电话和禁止普遍打电话的影响（即，适用于所有年龄段）的短信或 开车时发电子邮件，以及青少年（<18岁）受伤和致命车祸的发生率。我们假设 法律的效力受到某些条款的影响。本续期申请的具体目的是 确定哪些规定的司机电话禁令和普遍短信禁令减少青少年短信或 开车时发电子邮件（目标1），并确定哪些规定禁止司机打电话， 手机禁令减少涉及青少年司机（<18岁）的车祸（目标2）。手机禁令的规定， 检查包括：1）禁止活动的范围（短信，手持电话的使用，所有电话的使用）; 2）受影响的 许可证类型（学习许可证/中级许可证，所有许可证）; 3）执行模式（初级许可证 执法人员可以停止一辆车只用于电话使用;或二级执法司机必须首先 （4）罚款的初始金额;（5）多次引用的罚款增加;以及（6） 是否违规会延迟完全许可。通过对调查结果的综合分析， 来自联邦、州和联邦政府维护的各种系统的立法、经济、人口和崩溃数据， 私人机构将使用随机效应logistic和准Poisson模型估计以下因素的效应： 州一级关于个人手机使用和州一级撞车率的法律。执法水平将是 作为从手机法律到驾驶时使用手机行为变化的中介， 以及与开车时使用手机有关的伤害和死亡的变化。以强有力的初步指导 数据和我们最后的R 01，这项研究也是创新的，使用多种措施的影响，包括发短信，而 驾驶、致命车祸和驾驶员受伤。这个项目意义重大，因为它的发现可以为各国的 努力制定/改进法律，以减少涉及青少年司机的与手机有关的撞车、受伤和死亡。

PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT Teenage drivers have the highest proportion of cellphone-related crashes, and traffic crashes are their leading cause of death. The death rate among drivers age 14-17 years hiked 17% from 2014 to 2016 nationally, with increasing cellphone-related distracted-driving as a suggested contributor. While 40 states and DC had enacted young-driver phone laws to ban all cellphone use or handheld use by September 2017, provisions vary greatly (e.g., all cellphone ban vs. handheld phone ban, all license types vs. learner permits/intermediate licenses). The extent to which young-driver phone bans and their specific provisions reduce texting and crashes is unknown. Therefore, we propose a four-year project with objectives to determine, across multiple states, the impact of young-driver phone bans and universal phone bans (i.e., for all ages) on texting or emailing while driving, and the rates of injury and fatal crashes among teens (<18 years). We hypothesize that the effectiveness of laws is impacted by certain provisions. The specific aims of this renewal application are to determine which provisions of young-driver phone bans and universal texting bans reduce teen texting or emailing while driving (Aim 1), and to identify which provisions of young-driver phone bans and universal phone bans reduce crashes involving teen drivers (<18 years) (Aim 2). Cellphone ban provisions to be examined include: 1) scope of banned activities (texting, handheld phone use, all phone use); 2) affected license types (learner permit / intermediate license, all licenses); 3) mode of enforcement (primary enforcement—officers can stop a vehicle for phone use only; or secondary enforcement—driver must first be cited for another infraction); 4) initial monetary amount of fine; 5) increases in fines for multiple citations; and 6) whether an infraction delays full licensure. The aims will be accomplished by combining and analyzing survey, legislative, economic, population, and crash data from various systems maintained by federal, state, and private agencies. Random-effects logistic and quasi-Poisson models will be used to estimate the effects of state-level laws on individual-level phone use and state-level crash rates. Level of enforcement will be examined as a mediator in the path from cellphone laws to changes in cellphone-use-while-driving behaviors, as well as changes in injuries, and deaths related to cellphone use while driving. Guided by strong preliminary data and our last R01, this study is also innovative by using multiple measures of impact include texting while driving, fatal crashes, and driver injuries. This project is significant, because its findings can inform states' efforts to develop/improve laws to reduce phone-related crashes, injuries, and deaths involving teen drivers.