Licensing Laws, Mobility, and Traffic Safety among Older Adults

老年人的驾照法、出行和交通安全

• 批准号: 8942181
• 负责人: Motao Zhu
• 金额: $ 23.25万
• 依托单位: WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2015
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2015-09-01 至 2019-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8942181
• 关键词: Accidents; Activities of Daily Living; Address; Affect; Age; Aging; American; Attention; Automobile Driving; Behavior; Bicycling; Binomial Model; Categories; Censuses; Cessation of life; Data; Economics; Effectiveness; Elderly; Freedom; Generations; Goals; Healthy People 2020; Hour; Individual; Information Systems; Injury; Intervention; Knowledge; Laws; Length; Licensing; Licensure; Life; Mandatory Testing; Measurement; Measures; Medical; National Institute on Aging; Outcome; Persons; Physicians; Police; Policies; Population; Public Health; Relative (related person); Reporting; Research; Safety; Statutes and Laws; Surveys; System; Testing; Transportation; Travel; Update; Vehicle crash; Vision; Vision Tests; Walking; Work; World War II; cost; driving behavior; improved; injured; innovation; killings; older driver; public health relevance; time use; trafficking

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Post-World War II baby boomers are reaching age 65 and over (older adults), and are projected to drive more miles later in life compared to previous generations. This demographic shift raises national-level traffic safety concerns, because older adult drivers have an elevated crash rate, are more likely to be injured in a crash, and are less likely to recover from injuries and resume the level of daily life activity prior to bing injured. States have enacted various licensing laws pertaining to older drivers. To date, little research has investigated the effectiveness of these laws in protecting not only older drivers, but also those who share the roadways with them. It remains unclear how these laws affect driving behaviors among older adults, whether they reduce driver injuries per driving hours or trips, the extent to which they increase the use of alternative transportation, and whether there are corresponding increases in injuries to older adults as passengers or pedestrians. Therefore, we propose a four-year project with objectives to determine, across multiple states, the impact of licensing laws for older adults on driving decisions, alternative transportation choices, and rates of injurious and fatal crashes among older adult drivers, passengers, pedestrians, and bicyclists. We hypothesize that the effectiveness of licensing laws is impacted by certain provisions of the law, and that the licensing laws reduce driving trips and injuries, but increase non-driving trips and injuries. The aims of this project are to determine which provisions of licensing laws reduce driving hours and trips, licensure rates, and crash rate per driving hours (Aim 1), to identify which provisions of laws increase alternative transportation and non-driving injury and fatality (Aim 2), and to identify which provisions of laws affect total transportation trips, hours, and crashes among older adults (Aim 3). The following legislative provisions will be examined: means of renewal (in-person or mail/online), length of the renewal cycle, requirements for vision tests, requirements for road tests, requirements for knowledge tests, and mandatory physician reporting for medical conditions. The aims will be accomplished by combining and analyzing travel, license, economic, legislative, population, and crash data from a variety of data systems maintained by federal, state, and private agencies. Multilevel generalized linear and negative binomial models will be used to estimate the effects of state-level laws on individual-level travel behaviors and state-level crash rates. Guided by strong preliminary data, this study is also innovative. For example, the innovative measurement of crash rate per hour of driving in combination with crash rate per capita will help determine whether the effects of the legislative provisions in reducing crash rate per capita are due to a reduction in driving hours, due to safer driving, or due to some combination of both. This study is significant, because the findings can inform policymakers' efforts to update or modify existing legislation to effectively reduce injurios crashes among older adults while preserving their personal freedom and mobility.

 描述（由申请人提供）：二战后婴儿潮一代的年龄已达 65 岁及以上（老年人），与前几代人相比，预计在晚年会驾驶更多里程。这种人口结构的变化引起了国家层面的交通安全担忧，因为老年驾驶员的车祸率较高，更有可能在车祸中受伤，并且不太可能从受伤中恢复并恢复到受伤前的日常生活活动水平。各州颁布了各种与老年司机有关的许可法。迄今为止，很少有研究调查这些法律不仅在保护老年驾驶员方面的有效性，而且还调查了这些法律在保护老年驾驶员方面的有效性。 还有那些与他们共用道路的人。目前尚不清楚这些法律如何影响老年人的驾驶行为，它们是否减少了每个驾驶时间或行程的驾驶员伤害，它们在多大程度上增加了替代交通的使用，以及老年人作为乘客或行人的伤害是否相应增加。因此，我们提出了一个为期四年的项目，其目标是确定多个州的老年人驾驶许可法对驾驶决策、替代交通选择和费率的影响 老年司机、乘客、行人和骑自行车者之间发生的伤害和致命事故。我们假设许可法的有效性受到法律某些条款的影响，并且许可法减少了驾驶出行和伤害，但增加了非驾驶出行和伤害。该项目的目的是确定哪些许可法条款减少了驾驶时间和行程、许可率以及每驾驶小时的碰撞率（目标 1），确定哪些法律条款增加了替代交通和非驾驶伤害和死亡（目标 2），并确定哪些法律条款影响了老年人的总交通行程、时间和碰撞事故（目标 3）。将审查以下立法规定：续保方式（亲自或邮寄/在线）、续保周期长度、视力测试要求、道路测试要求、知识测试要求以及强制医生报告医疗状况。这些目标将通过结合和分析来自联邦、州和私人机构维护的各种数据系统的旅行、许可证、经济、立法、人口和事故数据来实现。将使用多级广义线性和负二项式模型来估计州级法律对个人级旅行的影响 行为和州级事故率。这项研究以强有力的初步数据为指导，也具有创新性。例如，将每小时驾驶事故率与人均事故率相结合的创新衡量方法将有助于确定立法规定在降低人均事故率方面的效果是由于驾驶时间的减少、由于更安全的驾驶，还是由于两者的某种组合。这项研究意义重大，因为研究结果可以为决策者更新或修改现有立法的努力提供信息，以有效减少老年人的伤害事故，同时保护他们的个人自由和行动能力。