Do Cell Phone Laws Reduce Calling, Texting, and Crashes among Young Drivers?

描述（由申请人提供）：据估计，开车时使用手机每年造成33.3万起撞车事故，造成2 600人死亡，造成430亿美元的社会成本。越来越多的州已经实施了禁止开车时使用手持电话和发短信的手机法律，但尚不清楚这些法律是否减少了年轻司机的打电话、发短信或撞车事故。此应用程序的目的是确定多个州的手机法律及其对开车时打电话和发短信的执行的影响，以及25岁以下司机受伤和致命交通事故的发生率。它的中心假设是，手机法律的有效性受到法律某些条款的影响，并且大多数法律只有很少或没有影响，除非它们包括高度的执行。它将追求以下具体目标：1)确定哪些手持手机禁令的规定和执法水平实际上减少了25岁以下司机在开车时路边观察到的电话；2)确定哪些规定禁止发短信，哪些执法水平减少了高中生开车时发短信或发电子邮件的自我报告；3)确定禁止手持手机和禁止发短信的哪些规定，以及哪种执法水平可以降低25岁以下司机的交通事故发生率。将检查以下立法规定:执法模式(主要执法人员可以阻止车辆仅供手机使用;或二级enforcement-driver必须首先引用另一个违规),总手机禁止司机< 18岁(是或否),短信禁令fr所有年龄段(是或否),数量的罚款(100美元或< 100美元),许可延迟司机< 18(6个月,< 6个月,或没有),点球点许可(是或否)。执法水平将根据每位司机每年因使用手机而被罚款的次数来衡量。数据来源包括：2000-2013年全国乘客保护使用调查（路边观察手机使用情况），2011年和2013年全国青少年风险行为监测数据（驾车时自报短信或电子邮件），以及2000-2013年各州警察事故报告（伤害性碰撞）和死亡分析报告系统（致命碰撞）。多层逻辑和负二项模型将用于估计州级法律对个人驾驶时使用手机和州级碰撞率的影响。在强有力的初步数据的指导下，本研究将采用几种创新方法。由于立法规定和执行水平的差异，其独特的多州方法区分了法律在各州之间的效果。影响有多种独立的衡量标准：路边观察手机使用情况，开车时自报发短信，交通事故发生率。这将是第一个控制一个重要混杂因素的研究（日益普及的手机）。鉴于42个州和哥伦比亚特区已经颁布了至少一种类型的手机法律，重要的是，这项研究的结果应该为决策者提供信息，以努力升级现有的，或制定新的法律，并更好地执行法律，可以有效地减少开车时使用手机，和交通事故。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cell phone use while driving has been estimated to cause 333,000 crashes each year, resulting in 2,600 deaths and $43 billion in societal costs. An increasing number of states have implemented cell phone laws banning hand-held phone use and texting while driving, but it remains unclear whether these laws reduce calling, texting, or crashes among young drivers. The Objective of this application is to determine across multiple states the impact of cell phone laws and their enforcement on calling and texting while driving, and on rates of injurious and fatal traffic crashes among drivers under age 25. Its Central hypothesis is that, the effectiveness of cell phone laws is impacted by certain provisions of the law, and that most laws have little or no impact unless they include a high degree of enforcement. It will pursue the following specific aims: 1) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and which level of enforcement actually reduce roadside-observed calling while driving among drivers under age 25; 2) Identify which provisions of texting bans and which level of enforcement reduce self-reported texting or emailing while driving among high school students; and 3) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and texting bans, and which level of enforcement reduce traffic crash rates among drivers under age 25. The following legislative provisions will be examined: mode of enforcement (primary enforcement-officers can stop a vehicle for cell phone use only; or secondary enforcement-driver must first be cited for another infraction), total cell phone ban for drivers < age 18 (yes or no), texting ban fr all ages (yes or no), amount of fine ( $100 or < $100), license delay for drivers < 18 ( 6 months, < 6 months, or no), and penalty points on license (yes or no). The level of enforcement will be measured by the number of cell-phone-related citations per driver-year. The data sources include: 2000- 2013 National Occupant Protection Use Survey (roadside-observed cell phone use), 2011 and 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance data (self-reported texting or emailing while driving), and 2000-2013 state- based Police Accident Reports (injurious crashes) and Fatality Analysis Reporting System (fatal crashes). Multilevel logistic and negative binomial models will be used to estimate the effects of state-level laws on individual-level cell phone use while driving and state-level crash rates. Guided by strong preliminary data, this study will use several innovative approaches. Its unique multi-state approach differentiates the effects of laws among states due to variations in legislative provisions and the level of enforcement. There are multiple independent measures of impact: roadside-observed cell phone use, self-reported texting while driving, and traffic crash rates. It will be the first study to control for an importnt confounder (increasing cell phone popularity). Given that 42 states and District of Columbia have enacted at least one type of cell phone law, the significance is that, the findings of this study should inform policymakers' efforts to upgrade existing, or develop new laws, and better enforce laws that can effectively reduce cell phone use while driving, and traffic crashes.