Do Cell Phone Laws Reduce Calling, Texting, and Crashes among Young Drivers?

手机法是否会减少年轻司机打电话、发短信和撞车事故？

• 批准号: 8418101
• 负责人: Motao Zhu
• 金额: $ 18.24万
• 依托单位: WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-01-01 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8418101
• 关键词: Accidents; Adolescent; Adolescent Risk Behavior; Affect; Age; Automobile Driving; Behavior; Binomial Model; Cellular Phone; Cessation of life; Data; Data Sources; District of Columbia; Effectiveness; Electronic Mail; Goals; Hand; Healthy People 2020; Individual; Information Systems; Injury; Laws; Lead; Licensing; Licensure; Logistics; Measures; New Jersey; New York; North Carolina; Outcome; Patient Self-Report; Police; Policies; Public Health; Reading; Reporting; Research; Safety; Statutes and Laws; Students; Surveys; System; Telephone; Text; Transportation; Travel; Variant; Vehicle crash; Work; Young driver; base; cost; hazard; high school; improved; innovation; public health relevance; skills; surveillance data; trafficking; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cell phone use while driving has been estimated to cause 333,000 crashes each year, resulting in 2,600 deaths and $43 billion in societal costs. An increasing number of states have implemented cell phone laws banning hand-held phone use and texting while driving, but it remains unclear whether these laws reduce calling, texting, or crashes among young drivers. The Objective of this application is to determine across multiple states the impact of cell phone laws and their enforcement on calling and texting while driving, and on rates of injurious and fatal traffic crashes among drivers under age 25. Its Central hypothesis is that, the effectiveness of cell phone laws is impacted by certain provisions of the law, and that most laws have little or no impact unless they include a high degree of enforcement. It will pursue the following specific aims: 1) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and which level of enforcement actually reduce roadside-observed calling while driving among drivers under age 25; 2) Identify which provisions of texting bans and which level of enforcement reduce self-reported texting or emailing while driving among high school students; and 3) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and texting bans, and which level of enforcement reduce traffic crash rates among drivers under age 25. The following legislative provisions will be examined: mode of enforcement (primary enforcement-officers can stop a vehicle for cell phone use only; or secondary enforcement-driver must first be cited for another infraction), total cell phone ban for drivers < age 18 (yes or no), texting ban fr all ages (yes or no), amount of fine ( $100 or < $100), license delay for drivers < 18 ( 6 months, < 6 months, or no), and penalty points on license (yes or no). The level of enforcement will be measured by the number of cell-phone-related citations per driver-year. The data sources include: 2000- 2013 National Occupant Protection Use Survey (roadside-observed cell phone use), 2011 and 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance data (self-reported texting or emailing while driving), and 2000-2013 state- based Police Accident Reports (injurious crashes) and Fatality Analysis Reporting System (fatal crashes). Multilevel logistic and negative binomial models will be used to estimate the effects of state-level laws on individual-level cell phone use while driving and state-level crash rates. Guided by strong preliminary data, this study will use several innovative approaches. Its unique multi-state approach differentiates the effects of laws among states due to variations in legislative provisions and the level of enforcement. There are multiple independent measures of impact: roadside-observed cell phone use, self-reported texting while driving, and traffic crash rates. It will be the first study to control for an importnt confounder (increasing cell phone popularity). Given that 42 states and District of Columbia have enacted at least one type of cell phone law, the significance is that, the findings of this study should inform policymakers' efforts to upgrade existing, or develop new laws, and better enforce laws that can effectively reduce cell phone use while driving, and traffic crashes.

据估计，驾驶时使用手机每年造成333，000起撞车事故，导致2，600人死亡和430亿美元的社会成本。越来越多的州已经实施了手机法，禁止在开车时使用手持电话和发短信，但目前还不清楚这些法律是否减少了年轻司机打电话、发短信或撞车事故。该应用程序的目的是确定多个州的手机法律及其执法对驾驶时打电话和发短信的影响，以及对25岁以下司机的伤害和致命交通事故率的影响。它的中心假设是，手机法的有效性受到法律某些条款的影响，大多数法律只有很少或没有影响，除非它们包括高度的执行。它将追求以下具体目标：1）确定手持手机禁令的哪些规定和执法水平实际上减少了25岁以下司机驾驶时的路边观察电话; 2）确定短信禁令的哪些规定和执法水平减少了高中生驾驶时自我报告的短信或电子邮件; 3）确定哪些规定的手持手机禁令和短信禁令，以及执法水平降低交通事故率在25岁以下的司机。委员会将研究下列法例条文：（初级执法人员只可因使用手提电话而截停车辆;或二次执法-司机必须首先被引用另一违规行为），总手机禁令的司机<18岁（是或否），禁止所有年龄段发短信（是或否），罚款金额（100美元或<100美元），驾驶员执照延迟< 18（6个月，< 6个月，或否），以及执照上的扣分（是或否）。执法水平将通过每个驾驶员年与手机相关的引用数量来衡量。数据来源包括：2000- 2013年全国乘员保护使用调查（路边观察手机使用），2011年和2013年全国青年危险行为监测数据（自我报告驾驶时发短信或发电子邮件），以及2000-2013年基于州的警察事故报告（伤害性碰撞）和死亡分析报告系统（致命碰撞）。多水平逻辑和负二项模型将被用来估计国家一级的法律对个人层面的手机使用，而驾驶和国家一级的事故率的影响。在强有力的初步数据的指导下，本研究将使用几种创新方法。其独特的多国方法区分了法律的影响，由于在立法规定和执法水平的变化。有多个独立的影响措施：路边观察手机的使用，自我报告的驾驶时发短信，交通事故率。这将是第一个控制一个重要的混杂因素（越来越多的手机普及）的研究。鉴于42个州和哥伦比亚特区已经颁布了至少一种类型的手机法，重要的是，这项研究的结果应该为政策制定者升级现有法律或制定新法律的努力提供信息，并更好地执行法律，以有效减少驾驶时使用手机和交通事故。