Do Cell Phone Laws Reduce Calling, Texting, and Crashes among Young Drivers?

手机法是否会减少年轻司机打电话、发短信和撞车事故？

• 批准号: 8418101
• 负责人: Motao Zhu
• 金额: $ 18.24万
• 依托单位: WEST VIRGINIA UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2013
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2013-01-01 至 2015-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/8418101
• 关键词: Accidents; Adolescent; Adolescent Risk Behavior; Affect; Age; Automobile Driving; Behavior; Binomial Model; Cellular Phone; Cessation of life; Data; Data Sources; District of Columbia; Effectiveness; Electronic Mail; Goals; Hand; Healthy People 2020; Individual; Information Systems; Injury; Laws; Lead; Licensing; Licensure; Logistics; Measures; New Jersey; New York; North Carolina; Outcome; Patient Self-Report; Police; Policies; Public Health; Reading; Reporting; Research; Safety; Statutes and Laws; Students; Surveys; System; Telephone; Text; Transportation; Travel; Variant; Vehicle crash; Work; Young driver; base; cost; hazard; high school; improved; innovation; public health relevance; skills; surveillance data; trafficking; young adult

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cell phone use while driving has been estimated to cause 333,000 crashes each year, resulting in 2,600 deaths and $43 billion in societal costs. An increasing number of states have implemented cell phone laws banning hand-held phone use and texting while driving, but it remains unclear whether these laws reduce calling, texting, or crashes among young drivers. The Objective of this application is to determine across multiple states the impact of cell phone laws and their enforcement on calling and texting while driving, and on rates of injurious and fatal traffic crashes among drivers under age 25. Its Central hypothesis is that, the effectiveness of cell phone laws is impacted by certain provisions of the law, and that most laws have little or no impact unless they include a high degree of enforcement. It will pursue the following specific aims: 1) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and which level of enforcement actually reduce roadside-observed calling while driving among drivers under age 25; 2) Identify which provisions of texting bans and which level of enforcement reduce self-reported texting or emailing while driving among high school students; and 3) Determine which provisions of hand-held cell phone bans and texting bans, and which level of enforcement reduce traffic crash rates among drivers under age 25. The following legislative provisions will be examined: mode of enforcement (primary enforcement-officers can stop a vehicle for cell phone use only; or secondary enforcement-driver must first be cited for another infraction), total cell phone ban for drivers < age 18 (yes or no), texting ban fr all ages (yes or no), amount of fine ( $100 or < $100), license delay for drivers < 18 ( 6 months, < 6 months, or no), and penalty points on license (yes or no). The level of enforcement will be measured by the number of cell-phone-related citations per driver-year. The data sources include: 2000- 2013 National Occupant Protection Use Survey (roadside-observed cell phone use), 2011 and 2013 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance data (self-reported texting or emailing while driving), and 2000-2013 state- based Police Accident Reports (injurious crashes) and Fatality Analysis Reporting System (fatal crashes). Multilevel logistic and negative binomial models will be used to estimate the effects of state-level laws on individual-level cell phone use while driving and state-level crash rates. Guided by strong preliminary data, this study will use several innovative approaches. Its unique multi-state approach differentiates the effects of laws among states due to variations in legislative provisions and the level of enforcement. There are multiple independent measures of impact: roadside-observed cell phone use, self-reported texting while driving, and traffic crash rates. It will be the first study to control for an importnt confounder (increasing cell phone popularity). Given that 42 states and District of Columbia have enacted at least one type of cell phone law, the significance is that, the findings of this study should inform policymakers' efforts to upgrade existing, or develop new laws, and better enforce laws that can effectively reduce cell phone use while driving, and traffic crashes.

描述(申请人提供)：据估计，开车时使用手机每年造成33.3万起撞车事故，导致2600人死亡，社会损失430亿美元。越来越多的州实施了手机法律，禁止开车时使用手持手机和发短信，但目前尚不清楚这些法律是否减少了年轻司机的打电话、发短信或撞车。这款应用程序的目标是在多个州确定手机法律及其执行对驾驶时打电话和发短信的影响，以及对25岁以下司机的受伤和致命交通事故发生率的影响。它的核心假设是，手机法律的有效性受到法律某些条款的影响，而且大多数法律几乎没有影响，除非它们包括高度的执法。它将追求以下具体目标：1)确定哪些手持手机禁令条款和哪个执法级别实际上减少了25岁以下司机开车时在路边观察到的通话；2)确定哪些短信禁令条款和哪个执法级别减少了高中生开车时自我报告的短信或电子邮件；以及3)确定手持手机禁令和短信禁令的哪些条款，以及哪个执法级别降低了25岁以下司机的交通撞车率。将审查以下立法条款：执法模式(主要执法人员只能拦截车辆使用手机；或次要执法-司机必须首先因另一项违规行为被传唤)，18岁司机全面禁止使用手机(是或否)，所有年龄段都禁止发短信(是或否)，罚款金额(100美元或100美元)，司机和司机的执照延误(6个月，6个月，或否)，以及执照记分(是或否)。执法水平将通过每名司机每年与手机相关的传票数量来衡量。数据来源包括：2000-2013年全国乘员保护使用情况调查(路边观察到的手机使用情况)、2011年和2013年全国青少年危险行为监测数据(自我报告的开车时发短信或电子邮件)，以及2000-2013年基于州的警察事故报告(伤害性车祸)和死亡分析报告系统(致命车祸)。多水平Logistic模型和负二项模型将被用来估计州一级法律对个人驾车时使用手机的影响和州一级的撞车率。在强劲的初步数据的指导下，这项研究将使用几种创新的方法。其独特的多州做法因立法规定和执行程度的不同而区分不同州的法律效果。有多种独立的衡量影响的指标：路边观察到的手机使用情况，开车时自我报告的短信情况，以及交通事故发生率。这将是第一次对一项重要的混杂因素(手机普及率不断提高)进行控制的研究。鉴于42个州和哥伦比亚特区已经颁布了至少一种类型的手机法律，其重要意义在于，这项研究的发现应该为政策制定者努力升级现有法律或制定新法律提供参考，并更好地执行法律，以有效减少开车时使用手机和减少交通事故。