The Impact of Social-Cognitive Processing on Stuttering

项目概要/摘要 口吃的功能神经影像学已经取得了重大进展，但复杂的相互作用 导致口吃的大脑、行为和环境之间的关系仍不完全清楚。这个差距在 知识部分归因于观察神经活动的背景。众所周知，口吃 主要发生在社交互动的背景下——人们在单独说话或对婴儿说话时往往不会口吃 和宠物。然而，在几乎所有情况下，功能性神经影像学研究都集中在非社会和非 交际演讲。这些研究指出言语和感觉运动中的非典型神经功能 网络，但社会认知网络尚未在该人群中进行直接调查。长期目标 这个早期职业研究提案的目的是开发一系列规划性研究，扩大对以下领域的研究： 口吃从感觉运动控制进入社会认知领域。该提案主要针对成年人， 目标是在未来的研究中将这种方法扩展到儿童。该应用程序的总体目标是 确定与口吃特别相关的两个社会认知因素的神经影响——社会 交互和预期——并确定这些神经数据和行为之间的关系 结果。中心假设是社会认知处理破坏了言语运动系统的稳定性 口吃的成年人。这项研究的基本原理是确定社会认知处理对 口吃将有助于发展一个强有力的理论框架，缩小大脑行为范围 环境差距，并最终为口吃干预提供新方向。中心假设将是 通过追求两个具体目标进行测试。目标 1 评估社交互动对口吃成年人的神经影响 （AWS）和那些不通过操纵社会环境（即，存在或不存在交流） 伙伴）。目标 2 确定了预期的神经关联，它植根于先前的社会经验，通过 比较与“害怕的”和“不害怕的”单词（即预期的单词和不预期的单词）相关的神经激活 在 AWS 中，预计会出现口吃的情况。恐惧和不恐惧的词是在小说中确定的 研究团队开发的临床访谈。该应用程序的创新之处在于它使用功能近 红外光谱 (fNIRS) 可测量面对面讲话期间的神经信号 沟通，从而提高口吃神经影像的生态有效性。拟议的研究 意义重大，因为通过将口吃的研究扩展到社会认知领域，我们将能够 解决有关大脑、行为和环境如何导致口吃的关键问题。此外， 关注社交互动和预期具有特定的治疗意义。例如，识别 社交互动期间口吃的神经相关性可用于指导神经调节方法，例如 经颅直流电刺激现在开始应用于口吃。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Significant progress has been made in the functional neuroimaging of stuttering, but the complex interactions between brain, behavior, and environment that support stuttering remain incompletely understood. This gap in knowledge is due in part to the context in which neural activity has been observed. It is well known that stuttering occurs primarily in the context of social interaction—people tend not to stutter when speaking alone, or to babies and pets. Yet, in almost all cases, functional neuroimaging studies have focused on non-social and non- communicative speech. These studies point to atypical neural function within the speech and sensorimotor networks, but social-cognitive networks have not been directly investigated in this population. The long-term goal of this Early Career Research proposal is to develop a line of programmatic research that expands the study of stuttering from sensorimotor control into the social-cognitive domain. This proposal focuses on adults, with the goal of extending the approach to children in future studies. The overall objectives in this application are to determine the neural impact of two social-cognitive factors with particular relevance to stuttering—social interaction and anticipation—and determine the relationship(s) between these neural data and behavioral outcomes. The central hypothesis is that social-cognitive processing de-stabilizes the speech motor systems of adults who stutter. The rationale for this study is that determining the impact of social-cognitive processing on stuttering will contribute to the development of a strong theoretical framework that narrows the brain-behavior- environment gap and ultimately informs new directions in stuttering intervention. The central hypothesis will be tested by pursuing two specific aims. Aim 1 evaluates the neural impact of social interaction in adults who stutter (AWS) and those who do not by manipulating social context (i.e., the presence or absence of a communicative partner). Aim 2 determines the neural correlates of anticipation, which is rooted in prior social experiences, by comparing neural activation associated with “feared” and “non-feared” words (i.e., words expected and not expected to be stuttered, respectively), in AWS. Feared and non-feared words are determined during a novel clinical interview developed by the research team. This application is innovative in that it uses functional near- infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) which permits the measurement of neural signals during face-to-face speech communication, thereby increasing ecological validity in the neuroimaging of stuttering. The proposed research is significant because by expanding the study of stuttering into the social-cognitive domain, we will be able to address critical questions about how brain, behavior, and environment contribute to stuttering. In addition, focusing on social interaction and anticipation has specific treatment implications. For example, identifying the neural correlates of stuttering during social interaction can be used to guide neuromodulation approaches such as transcranial direct current stimulation that are now beginning to be applied to stuttering.