The Sex-specific Roles and Neural Processing Correlates of Future Outcome Estimation in the Drug Addiction Process

项目摘要 我们的日常决策植根于预测未来可能的决策后果的能力。这 在心理上模拟未来事件的能力，称为预测，通过偏向决策实现自我控制 根据他们预测的未来收益或成本。修订后的提案的工作假设是上瘾的 发作性和慢性复发性分别反映发育不成熟和精神障碍。 人类面向未来的思维能力。项目假设将通过以下核心项目工具进行测试 时间延迟贴现以权衡面向未来的思维对行为增强剂、任务- 相关功能磁共振成像作为一种映射潜在面向未来思维的神经处理机制的手段， 从面向未来的角度评估个体差异，以及“情节标签”的使用 作为框架刺激，以参与插曲的未来思考(EFT)。这些工具将定义个人、性别和 开发团队在三个特定目标上的差异，以测试项目的整体和组成部分 假设。目标1将探索行为和神经相关性之间的性别依赖关系 面向未来的思维[使用延迟折扣(DD)任务进行评估]和条件药物线索相关 可卡因男性和女性中的认知偏差[通过可卡因注意偏差效应(COAb)评估] 上瘾。通过对DD收益和损失的描述，增强了生态相关性 与上瘾有关的未来更具代表性。青春期与发育不成熟有关 面向未来思维的行为和神经加工表征，代表一个相关的时期 药物滥用的发生和升级的风险最大。目标2将扩展项目目标以探索 在青春期早期到中期，性别依赖的发展过程与未来取向相关 成瘾的开始(和公认的成瘾风险因素)--从而测试是否与成瘾相关的EFT 缺陷反映的是后天获得的特征与先前存在的特征。青春期女孩和男孩的样本将被比较 不同程度的成瘾风险。EFT的一个有趣的方面与它的能力有关，当明确地 利用情节提示(“标签”)促进未来定位，以降低临时折扣率 以及现实世界中的健康危险行为。目标3将界定性别依赖的影响和机制 EFT(Efti)对高危青少年和吸食可卡因成瘾成人的得失DD的诱导。这 翻译目标将为EFT培训在预防策略中的潜在使用提供证据基础 对于有药物使用障碍风险的青少年或作为在治疗中预防复发的辅助方法- 寻找有药物使用障碍的人。在项目目标方面，为期6个月的后续评估将 评估未来取向与未来药物滥用的关系。拟议的项目将具有以下特点 在药物成瘾过程中，未被充分挖掘的决定冲动的一面--它的预见性调节。

Project Summary Our daily decisions are rooted in the ability to forecast possible decision consequences into our future. This ability to mentally simulate a future event, referred to as prospection, enables self-control by biasing decisions by their projected future gains or costs. The working hypothesis of the revised proposal is that addiction’s onset and chronically relapsing nature reflect developmental immaturity and disorders, respectively, of the human faculty of future-oriented thinking. Project hypotheses would be tested via core project tools of temporal delay discounting to weigh future-oriented thinking on the valuation of behavioral reinforcers, task- related fMRI as a means of mapping neural processing mechanisms underlying future-oriented thinking, assessments evaluating individual differences in future-oriented perspectives, and the use of “episodic tags” as framing stimuli to engage episodic future thinking (EFT). These tools would define individual, sex, and developmental group differences across three specific aims to test the project overall and component hypotheses. Aim 1 would explore the sex-dependent relationship between behavioral and neural correlates of future-oriented thinking [assessed using delay discounting (DD) tasks] and conditioned drug cue-related cognitive bias [assessed by the cocaine attentional bias effect (cocAb)] among men and women with cocaine addiction. Ecological relevance is enhanced by the characterization of both DD gains and losses, with losses being more typical of addiction-related futures. Adolescence is associated with developmentally immature behavioral and neural processing representations of future-oriented thinking, representing a period associated with greatest risk for the onset and escalation of drug misuse. Aim 2 would extend project goals to explore sex-dependent developmental processes related future orientation during early to mid-adolescence with the initiation of the addiction (and well-recognized addiction risk factors) – thus testing if addiction-related EFT deficits reflect acquired versus pre-existing traits. Samples of adolescent girls and boys would be compared across stratified levels of addiction risk. An interesting aspect of EFT relates to its ability, when explicitly engaged by episodic cues (“tags”) promoting future orientation, to reduce both temporal discounting rates and real-world health risk behaviors. Aim 3 would define the sex-dependent impact and mechanisms of the induction of EFT (EFTi) on gain and loss DD among at-risk adolescents and cocaine-addicted adults. This translational aim would initiate the evidence basis for the potential use of EFT training in prevention strategies for adolescents at-risk for drug use disorders or as an adjunctive approach to relapse prevention in treatment- seeking individuals with drug use disorders. Across project Aims, 6-month follow-up assessments would assess the relationship of future orientation to future drug misuse. The proposed project would characterize an underexplored facet of decisional impulsivity – its regulation by prospection – in the drug addiction process.