The Sex-specific Roles and Neural Processing Correlates of Future Outcome Estimation in the Drug Addiction Process

项目摘要 我们的日常决策植根于预测未来可能的决策后果的能力。这 一种在心理上模拟未来事件的能力，被称为前瞻性，能够通过偏见决定来实现自我控制 他们的预期未来收益或成本。修订后的提案的工作假设是，成瘾的 发病和慢性复发的性质，反映了发展的不成熟和障碍，分别， 人类的未来导向思维能力。项目假设将通过以下核心项目工具进行测试： 时间延迟折扣，以衡量未来导向的思想，对行为决策者的估值，任务- 相关的功能磁共振成像作为一种手段映射神经处理机制的基础上面向未来的思维， 评估未来导向视角中的个体差异，以及“情节标签”的使用 作为框架刺激来参与情景未来思维（EFT）。这些工具将定义个人，性别， 三个具体目标的发展组差异，以测试项目的整体和组成部分 假设目的1探讨行为和神经相关因素之间的性别依赖关系 未来导向思维[使用延迟折扣（DD）任务评估]和条件药物线索相关 男性和女性可卡因患者的认知偏差[通过可卡因注意力偏差效应（cocAb）评估] 成瘾通过对DD收益和损失的描述， 更加典型的与成瘾有关的未来。青春期与发育不成熟有关 未来导向思维的行为和神经处理表征，代表一个时期， 药物滥用发生和升级的风险最大。目标2将扩展项目目标， 性依赖的发展过程相关的未来取向在早期到中期的青春期与 成瘾的开始（以及公认的成瘾风险因素）-从而测试是否与成瘾相关的EFT 缺陷反映了获得的与预先存在的特征。将比较青春期女孩和男孩的样本 在不同的成瘾风险水平上EFT的一个有趣的方面涉及到它的能力，当明确 参与情景线索（“标签”）促进未来的方向，以减少时间折扣率 和现实世界中的健康风险行为。目标3将界定性别依赖的影响和机制， 在高危青少年和可卡因成瘾成人中诱导EFT（EFTi）对获得和损失DD的影响。这 翻译的目的将启动证据基础的潜在使用EFT培训的预防战略 对于有吸毒障碍风险的青少年，或作为治疗中预防复发的一种预防性方法- 寻找有吸毒障碍的人在整个项目目标中，6个月的后续评估将 评估未来方向与未来药物滥用的关系。拟议的项目将以一个 在药物成瘾过程中，决策冲动的未被探索的方面--预期对其的调节。

Project Summary Our daily decisions are rooted in the ability to forecast possible decision consequences into our future. This ability to mentally simulate a future event, referred to as prospection, enables self-control by biasing decisions by their projected future gains or costs. The working hypothesis of the revised proposal is that addiction’s onset and chronically relapsing nature reflect developmental immaturity and disorders, respectively, of the human faculty of future-oriented thinking. Project hypotheses would be tested via core project tools of temporal delay discounting to weigh future-oriented thinking on the valuation of behavioral reinforcers, task- related fMRI as a means of mapping neural processing mechanisms underlying future-oriented thinking, assessments evaluating individual differences in future-oriented perspectives, and the use of “episodic tags” as framing stimuli to engage episodic future thinking (EFT). These tools would define individual, sex, and developmental group differences across three specific aims to test the project overall and component hypotheses. Aim 1 would explore the sex-dependent relationship between behavioral and neural correlates of future-oriented thinking [assessed using delay discounting (DD) tasks] and conditioned drug cue-related cognitive bias [assessed by the cocaine attentional bias effect (cocAb)] among men and women with cocaine addiction. Ecological relevance is enhanced by the characterization of both DD gains and losses, with losses being more typical of addiction-related futures. Adolescence is associated with developmentally immature behavioral and neural processing representations of future-oriented thinking, representing a period associated with greatest risk for the onset and escalation of drug misuse. Aim 2 would extend project goals to explore sex-dependent developmental processes related future orientation during early to mid-adolescence with the initiation of the addiction (and well-recognized addiction risk factors) – thus testing if addiction-related EFT deficits reflect acquired versus pre-existing traits. Samples of adolescent girls and boys would be compared across stratified levels of addiction risk. An interesting aspect of EFT relates to its ability, when explicitly engaged by episodic cues (“tags”) promoting future orientation, to reduce both temporal discounting rates and real-world health risk behaviors. Aim 3 would define the sex-dependent impact and mechanisms of the induction of EFT (EFTi) on gain and loss DD among at-risk adolescents and cocaine-addicted adults. This translational aim would initiate the evidence basis for the potential use of EFT training in prevention strategies for adolescents at-risk for drug use disorders or as an adjunctive approach to relapse prevention in treatment- seeking individuals with drug use disorders. Across project Aims, 6-month follow-up assessments would assess the relationship of future orientation to future drug misuse. The proposed project would characterize an underexplored facet of decisional impulsivity – its regulation by prospection – in the drug addiction process.