2019 Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes GRC and GRS

项目摘要 神经嵴和颅基板是由相邻的外胚层发育而来的短暂的胚胎结构 区域在神经板边界，经历广泛的迁移和/或形态发生的变化， 形成了一系列对人体形态和功能至关重要的细胞类型。的发展变化和 精细加工被认为是脊椎动物进化和多样化的关键。 神经嵴细胞产生所有的外周神经胶质细胞，所有的外周自主神经元和肠神经元， 外周躯体感觉神经元以及肾上腺嗜铬细胞、色素细胞、颅面软骨 和骨骼，牙齿的牙本质生成细胞，心脏的齿状隔，以及 眼的睫状肌和角膜内皮。例如，神经嵴缺陷是许多 先天性颅面畸形和心脏缺陷，以及肠神经系统疾病， 先天性巨结肠。发育过程的重新激活，如上皮-间质转化 对于癌症进展很重要;事实上，一些最具侵袭性的癌症，包括黑色素瘤和 神经母细胞瘤，起源于神经嵴衍生的细胞。鳞片形成成对的外周感觉器官（ 鱼类和两栖类的嗅上皮、内耳和侧线系统，包括它们的传入神经 神经元，加上眼睛晶状体），以及味蕾和内脏器官的传入神经元，下丘脑 促性腺激素释放激素神经元（生育所需，因为它们触发青春期）和内分泌 脑下垂体前叶，对体内平衡至关重要。颅基板的临床意义包括 先天性耳聋、先天性垂体功能减退症和Kallmann氏嗅觉丧失和不孕症 综合征，而鱼侧线是毛细胞发育，再生和筛选药物的模型 可以防止耳毒性药物。神经嵴和基板衍生物生成的最新进展 从人类干细胞中提取的基因是未来再生医学的非常有前途的途径。 神经嵴和颅板戈登研究会议和相关的受训者组织 戈登研究研讨会的目的是汇集不同的科学家从整个频谱这一广泛的 研究领域，使用各种模型系统，以交换未发表的数据和新的方法， 在非正式的支持性环境中形成新的合作，并指导初级科学家。会话 旨在促进侧重于基本机制的科学家和直接研究 临床焦点：它们从神经嵴和基板形成的早期阶段，细胞电位和 命运选择，组织相互作用，形态发生和器官发生，迁移和模式，出生缺陷 疾病、干细胞和再生医学。

Project Summary The neural crest and cranial placodes are transient embryonic structures derived from adjacent ectodermal domains at the neural plate border, which undergo extensive migration and/or morphogenetic changes and contribute to an extraordinary array of cell types essential for human form and function. Their evolution and elaboration are thought to have been critical for the evolution and diversification of vertebrates. Neural crest cells give rise to all peripheral glia, all peripheral autonomic and enteric neurons and most peripheral somatosensory neurons, as well as adrenal chromaffin cells, pigment cells, craniofacial cartilages and bones, the dentine-producing odontoblasts of teeth, the aorticopulmonary septum of the heart, and the ciliary muscles and corneal endothelium of the eye. Neural crest defects underlie, for example, many congenital craniofacial anomalies and heart defects, and enteric nervous system disorders such as Hirschsprung disease. The reactivation of developmental processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition is important for cancer progression; indeed, some of the most aggressive cancers, including melanoma and neuroblastoma, arise from neural crest-derived cells. Placodes form the paired peripheral sense organs (the olfactory epithelia, the inner ears and the lateral line system of fishes and amphibians, including their afferent neurons, plus the eye lenses), as well as afferent neurons for taste-buds and the visceral organs, hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons (required for fertility, since they trigger puberty) and the endocrine anterior pituitary gland, essential for homeostasis. The clinical significance of cranial placodes includes congenital deafness, congenital hypopituitarism, and the combined anosmia and infertility of Kallmann syndrome, while the fish lateral line is a model for hair cell development, regeneration, and screening for drugs that protect against ototoxic drugs. Recent advances in generating both neural crest and placode derivatives from human stem cells are highly promising avenues for future approaches to regenerative medicine. The Neural Crest and Cranial Placodes Gordon Research Conference and the associated trainee-organized Gordon Research Seminar aim to bring together diverse scientists from across the spectrum of this broad research field, using a variety of model systems, in order to exchange unpublished data and novel approaches, form new collaborations, and mentor junior scientists, in an informal, supportive environment. Sessions are designed to promote interaction between scientists focused on basic mechanisms and those with a direct clinical focus: they run the gamut from early stages in neural crest and placode formation, cell potential and fate choice, tissue interactions, morphogenesis and organogenesis, migration and patterning, to birth defects and disease, stem cells and regenerative medicine.