Risky Parenting and Temperament Pathways To Callous-Unemotional Traits In Early Childhood

项目总结/摘要 无情的无情感（CU）特征，定义为低同情心，内疚和亲社会性，预测非常高的风险， 儿童期破坏性行为障碍（DBD）和不良的成人后果，包括暴力，精神病， 和犯罪DBD的标准治疗对具有CU特征的儿童不那么有效。通知个性化 对于DBD的治疗，需要更好地了解CU特征的特定风险因素， 童年.这项建议的总体目标是确定具体的儿童和父母风险因素 可以预测儿童早期的CU特征。核心假设是，对威胁线索的敏感性降低 和从属关系会特别预测CU特征。父母的严厉程度高，温暖程度低，情感脚手架低 也被假设为预测CU特征的增加，包括通过与低威胁敏感性的相互作用， 父母和孩子之间的联系。该提案的基本原理是，通过成功地分离特定的 预测CU特征的儿童和父母水平的风险因素，可以开发新的治疗策略， 减少CU性状，反过来，破坏DBD的途径，包括通过多层次的治疗模块， 行为、生理和注意力。将通过追求以下具体目标来检验假设：（1） 建立儿童早期CU性状的表型标记;（2）建立父母教养的表型标记 实践;（3）阐明预测CU特征的共同气质和养育因素。这三个目标将 在前瞻性纵向研究中进行。参与者（N=500）将从社区招募， 在宾夕法尼亚大学（n=250）和波士顿大学（n=250）的临床环境中， 1（3-4岁）和时间2（5-6岁）。在第一个目标下，低威胁敏感性和从属关系将在儿童时期进行测试- 在多个分析水平上，包括父母报告和多个新的CU特征的水平风险因素 允许同时测量注意力的计算机和观察任务（即，眼动追踪）和 生理的（即，呼吸窦心律失常）过程。在第二个目标下，威胁敏感度低， 父母的从属关系，在多个层次的分析中再次评估，将作为不同的预测因素进行测试。 严厉、低温暖和低情感支架的养育维度。在第三个目标下， 父母和孩子的养育行为和共同的气质特征将被测试为二元风险 CU特征的因素。该提案具有创新性，因为它将产生精确风险因素的新措施 预测CU性状，是由广泛的初步数据指导，假设是在一个关键的测试过程中进行测试， 了解CU性状的发展时期，复杂的定量分析包含了丰富的 多方法测量框架，将产生关于生物，认知，社会， 以及CU特征背后的情感过程这项研究很重要，因为它将确定 疾病的生物标志物和行为指标（NIMH优先级2.2），并导致提高能力， 操作特定的风险因素，以干预措施为目标，以减轻CU特征和DBD的风险途径。

Project Summary/Abstract Callous-unemotional (CU) traits, defined by low empathy, guilt, and prosociality, predict very high risk for childhood disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) and adverse adult outcomes, including violence, psychopathy, and crime. Standard treatments for DBD are not as effective for children with CU traits. To inform personalized treatments for DBD, a better understanding is needed of specific risk factors for CU traits beginning early in childhood. The overall objectives of this proposal are to identify specific child-level and parenting-level risk factors that predict CU traits across early childhood. The central hypothesis is that reduced sensitivity to cues of threat and affiliation will specifically predict CU traits. High parental harshness, low warmth, and low emotion scaffolding are also hypothesized to predict increases in CU traits, including via interactions with low threat sensitivity and affiliation among both parents and children. The rationale for the proposal is that by successfully isolating specific child- and parenting-level risk factors that predict CU traits, novel treatment strategies can be developed to reduce CU traits, and in turn, disrupt pathways to DBDs, including via multi-level treatment modules that target behavior, physiology, and attention. The hypotheses will be tested by pursuing the following specific aims: (1) Establish phenotypic markers of CU traits in early childhood; (2) Establish phenotypic markers of parenting practices; and (3) Illuminate shared temperament and parenting factors that predict CU traits. All three aims will be pursued within a prospective longitudinal study. Participants (N=500) will be recruited from community and clinical settings at the University of Pennsylvania (n=250) and Boston University (n=250) and assessed at time 1 (aged 3–4) and time 2 (aged 5-6). Under the first aim, low threat sensitivity and affiliation will be tested as child- level risk factors for CU traits across multiple levels of analysis, including parent-report and multiple new computer and observational tasks that allow simultaneous measurement of attentional (i.e., eye-tracking) and physiological (i.e., respiratory sinus arrythmia) processes. Under the second aim, low threat sensitivity and affiliation of parents, assessed again across multiple levels of analysis, will be tested as predictors of different parenting dimensions of harshness, low warmth, and low emotion scaffolding. Under the third aim, the interplay of parenting behaviors and shared temperament features of parents and children will be tested as dyadic risk factors for CU traits. The proposal is innovative because it will generate new measures of precision risk factors that predict CU traits, is guided by extensive preliminary data, hypotheses are tested during a critical developmental period for understanding CU traits, and the sophisticated quantitative analysis incorporates a rich multi-method measurement framework that will generate new knowledge about the biological, cognitive, social, and emotional processes underlying CU traits. The proposed research is significant because it will identify biomarkers and behavioral indicators of illness (NIMH Priority 2.2) and lead to improved capacity to operationalize specific risk factors to target in interventions to mitigate risky pathways to CU traits and DBD.