Family Violence: The Role of Trauma

项目总结/摘要 家庭中对幼儿的暴力普遍存在，对儿童的精神、社会心理、 对儿童和成年被害人及证人造成的认知和身体健康后果。设计方法， 为了有效预防或干预这一重大公共卫生问题， 需要了解家庭暴力事件的情况，包括哪些因素会立即引发暴力， 这一因素在暴力事件中的持续存在，以及这些因素如何发挥作用的个体差异。的 本研究的第一个目的是描述和比较人与人之间的发病率、频率和严重程度 父母对儿童暴力和亲密伴侣暴力事件的发生率，以及 暴力的严重程度在事件过程中增加或减少（目标1）。而且这个 研究设计独特，用于测量PCV和IPV的事件内共现（或“溢出”）。因此，在本发明中， 人与人之间和人与人之间的暴力溢出率、频率和不同模式的严重程度， 描述并比较了没有交叉溢出的暴力事件， 第一个家庭子系统中的暴力行为，预测随后一个家庭中暴力行为的发生和严重程度。 将测试系列子系统（目标2）。最后，考虑到创伤暴露和家庭 暴力犯罪，各种形式的创伤相关的感知威胁（例如，拒绝，支配）和 理论上相关的上下文因素将被检查为直接的，事件级的沉淀物， PCV、IPV和溢出的发生、持续和轨迹/加速。为了了解创伤是否 暴露和全局（个人级别）威胁感知被转化为即时的、特定于事件的 暴力的预测因素，创伤史和全球威胁感知对 事件级威胁感知与PCV、IPV和溢出效应的持续性和加速性之间的联系 还将进行测试（目标3）。这样做将有助于调和经验文献， 创伤和有偏见的威胁感知促进或抑制暴力行为的条件。 使用不可识别的数据收集程序，以最大限度地减少敏感信息的漏报，在线 协议将衡量个人因素，每月一次的深入电话访谈将衡量 家庭暴力的过程和背景。因为儿童早期是家庭压力增加的时期， 的PCV峰值和儿童最有可能参与IPV发作，参与者将包括200名 夫妇（即，400人），有一个3-5岁的孩子参加了城市或半农村地区的先声夺人计划。 这些程序将增加可行性（包括招募父亲/父亲形象）和种族/族裔 样本的多样性，减小方法方差，缓解传统测度族的诸多局限性 该方案的目标是消除家庭暴力，并针对最有可能遭受家庭暴力的低收入家庭。

Project Summary/Abstract Violence within families of young children is pervasive and has considerable adverse psychiatric, psychosocial, cognitive, and physical health consequences for child and adult victims and witnesses. To design methods to effectively prevent or intervene in this major public health problem, more specific and nuanced information is needed about incidents of family violence, including what factors immediately precipitate violence and promote its persistence within incidents of violence as well as individual differences in how such factors operate. The first aim of this study is to describe and compare between- and within-person rates, frequencies, and severity of incidents of parent to child violence (PCV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) as well as the trajectory by which the severity of violence increases or decreases within the course of incidents (Aim 1). Additionally, this study is uniquely designed to measure within-incident co-occurrence (or “spillover”) of PCV and IPV. As such, the between- and within-person rates, frequencies, and severity of distinct patterns of violence spillover will be described and compared to violent incidents that occur without cross-dyad spillover, then characteristics of violence in the first family subsystem that predict the occurrence and severity of violence in a subsequent family subsystem will be tested (Aim 2). Finally, given extensive overlap between trauma exposure and family violence perpetration, diverse forms of trauma-related perceived threat (e.g., rejection, dominance) and theoretically related contextual factors will be examined as immediate, incident-level precipitants of the occurrence, persistence, and trajectory/acceleration of PCV, IPV, and spillover. To understand whether trauma exposure and global (individual-level) threat perception are translated into immediate, incident-specific predictors of violence, additive and moderating effects of trauma history and global threat perception on the link between incident-level threat perception and the persistence and acceleration of PCV, IPV, and spillover will also be tested (Aim 3). Doing so will help reconcile empirical literatures that disagree regarding the conditions under which trauma and biased threat perception promote or inhibit violent behavior. Using non-identifiable data collection procedures to minimize under-reporting of sensitive information, online protocols will measure individual factors and repeated in-depth monthly telephone interviews will measure the process and context of family violence. Because early childhood is a time of increased family stress when rates of PCV peak and children are most likely to be involved in episodes of IPV, participants will include 200 couples (i.e., 400 individuals) with a child age 3-5 years enrolled in an urban or semi-rural Head Start program. These procedures will increase feasibility (including recruitment of fathers/father figures) and the racial/ethnic diversity of the sample, reduce method variance, alleviate many limitations of traditional measures family violence, and target low-income families who are at greatest risk for family violence.