Family Violence: The Role of Trauma

项目摘要/摘要 幼儿家庭中的暴力无处不在，在精神、心理和社会方面都有相当大的不良影响， 儿童和成人受害者和证人的认知和身体健康后果。设计方法以 有效预防或干预这一重大公共卫生问题，更具体和细微的信息是 需要了解家庭暴力事件，包括哪些因素直接引发暴力并促进 它在暴力事件中的坚持性以及这些因素如何运作的个人差异。这个 这项研究的第一个目标是描述和比较人与人之间的发病率、频率和严重性 亲子暴力事件(PCV)和亲密伴侣暴力事件(IPV)以及 在事件发生过程中暴力的严重性增加或减少(目标1)。此外，这一点 这项研究是专门用来衡量PCV和IPV在事件中同时发生(或“溢出”)的。因此， 不同暴力溢出模式的人与人之间的比率、频率和严重程度将是 描述了发生的暴力事件，并将其与没有交叉溢出的暴力事件进行了比较，然后描述了 第一家庭中的暴力预测随后的家庭中暴力的发生和严重程度 将测试家庭子系统(目标2)。最后，考虑到创伤暴露和家庭之间的广泛重叠 实施暴力、与创伤有关的各种形式的感知威胁(例如，拒绝、支配)和 理论上相关的背景因素将被视为事件级别的直接诱因 PCV、IPV和溢出的发生、持续和轨迹/加速。为了了解创伤是否 暴露和全球(个人级别)威胁感知转化为即时的、特定于事件的 暴力的预测因子，创伤病史和全球威胁感知对 事件级威胁感知与PCV、IPV和溢出的持续和加速之间的联系 也将接受测试(目标3)。这样做将有助于调和关于 创伤和有偏见的威胁感知促进或抑制暴力行为的条件。 使用不可识别的数据收集程序，以最大限度地减少敏感信息的漏报，在线 协议将衡量个人因素，重复深入的每月电话采访将衡量 家庭暴力的过程和背景。因为幼儿时期是家庭压力增加的时期， 在PCV高峰和儿童最有可能参与IPV发作的情况下，参与者将包括200人 有3-5岁孩子的夫妇(即400人)参加了城市或半农村的Head Start方案。 这些程序将增加可行性(包括招募父亲/父亲人物)和种族/民族。 样本的多样性，减少了方法的差异，缓解了传统测量族的诸多局限性 针对家庭暴力风险最大的低收入家庭。

Project Summary/Abstract Violence within families of young children is pervasive and has considerable adverse psychiatric, psychosocial, cognitive, and physical health consequences for child and adult victims and witnesses. To design methods to effectively prevent or intervene in this major public health problem, more specific and nuanced information is needed about incidents of family violence, including what factors immediately precipitate violence and promote its persistence within incidents of violence as well as individual differences in how such factors operate. The first aim of this study is to describe and compare between- and within-person rates, frequencies, and severity of incidents of parent to child violence (PCV) and intimate partner violence (IPV) as well as the trajectory by which the severity of violence increases or decreases within the course of incidents (Aim 1). Additionally, this study is uniquely designed to measure within-incident co-occurrence (or “spillover”) of PCV and IPV. As such, the between- and within-person rates, frequencies, and severity of distinct patterns of violence spillover will be described and compared to violent incidents that occur without cross-dyad spillover, then characteristics of violence in the first family subsystem that predict the occurrence and severity of violence in a subsequent family subsystem will be tested (Aim 2). Finally, given extensive overlap between trauma exposure and family violence perpetration, diverse forms of trauma-related perceived threat (e.g., rejection, dominance) and theoretically related contextual factors will be examined as immediate, incident-level precipitants of the occurrence, persistence, and trajectory/acceleration of PCV, IPV, and spillover. To understand whether trauma exposure and global (individual-level) threat perception are translated into immediate, incident-specific predictors of violence, additive and moderating effects of trauma history and global threat perception on the link between incident-level threat perception and the persistence and acceleration of PCV, IPV, and spillover will also be tested (Aim 3). Doing so will help reconcile empirical literatures that disagree regarding the conditions under which trauma and biased threat perception promote or inhibit violent behavior. Using non-identifiable data collection procedures to minimize under-reporting of sensitive information, online protocols will measure individual factors and repeated in-depth monthly telephone interviews will measure the process and context of family violence. Because early childhood is a time of increased family stress when rates of PCV peak and children are most likely to be involved in episodes of IPV, participants will include 200 couples (i.e., 400 individuals) with a child age 3-5 years enrolled in an urban or semi-rural Head Start program. These procedures will increase feasibility (including recruitment of fathers/father figures) and the racial/ethnic diversity of the sample, reduce method variance, alleviate many limitations of traditional measures family violence, and target low-income families who are at greatest risk for family violence.