The biodemography of early adversity: social behavioral processes in a wild animal model.

总结 早期的逆境对发育有着强大的影响，这种影响会一直延续到成年期，从而影响健康和生存。 与此同时，成年期的社会逆境，特别是社会孤立和社会地位低下， 健康和生存状况不佳的预测因素。这些重要的发现，现在是社会科学的主要课题， 医学研究，强调关于早期生活逆境和成年社会逆境如何联系的关键问题， 以及两者是否直接影响生存。值得注意的是，还没有研究能够明确地将真实的- 早期逆境的时间观察，以详细的数据，成年人的社会关系，健康和生存， 相同的个体;在任何单一人群中收集相关数据都非常困难 study.非人类灵长类动物模型是克服这些障碍的最有利方法，而且时机已经成熟 开发这样一个模型。正如灵长类动物长期以来被用作细胞、生理和 人类健康和疾病的分子机制，它们可以作为模型系统， 了解人类的社会和行为过程：一些关键研究表明， 重要的社会和行为过程在人类和非人类之间是进化上保守的 灵长类动物这项拟议中的研究将有助于建立一种新的非人灵长类动物早期逆境模型， 寿命这个拟议的研究群体，狒狒的自然群体，一直是连续的主题， 研究超过四十年，并提供前瞻性的，完整的生命过程数据，实时，直接观察 早期生活的逆境，成年后的社会性和长寿。它避开了健康习惯的复杂性， 卫生保健使人群研究复杂化，并大大加快了 收集完整的生活史数据，因为野生狒狒的寿命约为人类的1/3 寿命预计将作出三项重要的科学贡献。首先，如果研究显示，正如假设的那样， 早期逆境和成年社会性都对生存产生独立的影响，这项工作将有助于改变目前的状况， 研究从生命历程的各个阶段是否产生影响，到社会行为机制如何， 这些影响（目标1）。第二，拟议的成人关系研究（目标2）将提供 对早期逆境中恢复力来源的新见解。第三，“逆境”模式的提出 放大器”（目标3）将正式确定一个刚刚开始在逆境文献中具体化的想法，激发 新的研究途径。总的来说，这项工作将产生第一个完整的工作例子，在任何 研究系统，早期生活，成年生活和长寿之间的联系。结果将有助于移动领域 通过完善关键假设，为关键问题提供前瞻性答案，并指出 在不同人群中进行研究的最富有成效的途径。

SUMMARY Early adversity has powerful effects on development that reach far into adulthood to affect health and survival. At the same time, social adversity in adulthood—particularly social isolation and low social status—is a strong predictor of poor health and survival. These important discoveries, now major topics in social science and medical research, highlight key questions about how early life adversity and adult social adversity are linked, and whether both directly affect survival. Notably, no studies have yet been able to unambiguously link real- time observations of early adversity to detailed data on adult social relationships, health, and survival in the same individuals; the relevant data are exceptionally difficult to collect within any single human population study. A nonhuman primate model is the most expedient way to overcome these barriers, and the time is ripe to develop such a model. Just as primates have long been used as models for cellular, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease, they can serve as model systems for understanding social and behavioral processes in humans: a number of key studies have demonstrated that important social and behavioral processes are evolutionarily conserved between humans and nonhuman primates. The proposed research will contribute a novel nonhuman primate model of early adversity and lifespan. This proposed study population, a natural population of baboons, has been the subject on continuous research for over four decades and offers prospective, full life-course data, with real-time, direct observations of both early life adversity, adult sociality, and longevity. It sidesteps the complications of health habits and health care access that complicate studies in human populations, and greatly accelerates the timescale for collecting complete life history data, as the lifespans of wild baboons are about 1/3 the length of human lifespans. Three important scientific contributions are expected. First, if the study reveals, as hypothesized, that early adversity and adult sociality both exert independent effects on survival, the work will help shift current research from whether each phase of the life course exerts an influence, to how social behavioral mechanisms contribute to these influences (Aim 1). Second, the proposed study of adult relationships (Aim 2) will provide fresh insight into sources of resilience in the face of early adversity. Third, the proposed model of ‘adversity amplifiers’ (Aim 3) will formalize an idea that has just begun to crystallize in the adversity literature, stimulating new research avenues. In the aggregate, the work will produce the first complete worked example, in any study system, of the links between early life, adult life, and longevity. The results will help move the field forward by refining critical hypotheses, providing prospective answers to crucial questions, and pointing to the most fruitful avenues for research in diverse human populations.