The biodemography of early adversity: social behavioral processes in a wild animal model.

摘要 早期的逆境对发育有强大的影响，影响到成年后会影响健康和生存。 与此同时，成年后的社会逆境--特别是社会孤立和社会地位低下--是一种强烈的 预示着健康状况和生存状况不佳。这些重要的发现，现在是社会科学和 医学研究，强调关于早期生活逆境和成年社会逆境如何联系的关键问题， 以及两者是否都直接影响生存。值得注意的是，目前还没有研究能够明确地将真实的 从早期逆境到成人社会关系、健康和生存的详细数据的时间观察 同样的个人；在任何一个人类群体中收集相关数据都特别困难 学习。非人类灵长类动物模型是克服这些障碍的最便捷的方法，时机已经成熟 来开发这样一个模型。就像灵长类动物长期以来一直被用作细胞、生理和 人类健康和疾病的分子机制，它们可以作为模型系统 了解人类的社会和行为过程：一些关键研究表明 重要的社会和行为过程在进化上在人类和非人类之间是保守的 灵长类动物。这项拟议的研究将为早期逆境的非人类灵长类动物模型和 寿命。这一拟议的研究种群是一种自然种群，一直是持续不断的主题。 研究了40多年，提供了前瞻性的、完整的生命历程数据，并提供了实时、直接的观察 早年的逆境、成年后的社交和长寿。它避开了健康习惯的复杂性，并 医疗保健的获得使人类群体的研究复杂化，并大大加快了 收集完整的生活史数据，因为野生狒狒的寿命约为人类的三分之一 寿命。预计会有三项重要的科学贡献。首先，如果研究表明，正如假设的那样， 早期的逆境和成年后的社交对生存都有独立的影响，这项工作将有助于转变趋势 研究从生命过程的每个阶段是否会产生影响，到社会行为机制 促成这些影响(目标1)。第二，拟议的成人关系研究(目标2)将提供 对面对早期逆境的韧性来源的新见解。第三，逆境模型的提出 《放大器》(《目标3》)将使一个刚刚开始在逆境文献中具体化的想法正式化，刺激 新的研究途径。总而言之，这项工作将产生第一个完整的工作示例， 研究系统，研究早期生活、成年生活和长寿之间的联系。结果将有助于推动这一领域的发展 通过提炼关键假设，为关键问题提供预期答案，并指出 在不同的人类群体中进行研究的最富有成效的途径。

SUMMARY Early adversity has powerful effects on development that reach far into adulthood to affect health and survival. At the same time, social adversity in adulthood—particularly social isolation and low social status—is a strong predictor of poor health and survival. These important discoveries, now major topics in social science and medical research, highlight key questions about how early life adversity and adult social adversity are linked, and whether both directly affect survival. Notably, no studies have yet been able to unambiguously link real- time observations of early adversity to detailed data on adult social relationships, health, and survival in the same individuals; the relevant data are exceptionally difficult to collect within any single human population study. A nonhuman primate model is the most expedient way to overcome these barriers, and the time is ripe to develop such a model. Just as primates have long been used as models for cellular, physiological, and molecular mechanisms underlying human health and disease, they can serve as model systems for understanding social and behavioral processes in humans: a number of key studies have demonstrated that important social and behavioral processes are evolutionarily conserved between humans and nonhuman primates. The proposed research will contribute a novel nonhuman primate model of early adversity and lifespan. This proposed study population, a natural population of baboons, has been the subject on continuous research for over four decades and offers prospective, full life-course data, with real-time, direct observations of both early life adversity, adult sociality, and longevity. It sidesteps the complications of health habits and health care access that complicate studies in human populations, and greatly accelerates the timescale for collecting complete life history data, as the lifespans of wild baboons are about 1/3 the length of human lifespans. Three important scientific contributions are expected. First, if the study reveals, as hypothesized, that early adversity and adult sociality both exert independent effects on survival, the work will help shift current research from whether each phase of the life course exerts an influence, to how social behavioral mechanisms contribute to these influences (Aim 1). Second, the proposed study of adult relationships (Aim 2) will provide fresh insight into sources of resilience in the face of early adversity. Third, the proposed model of ‘adversity amplifiers’ (Aim 3) will formalize an idea that has just begun to crystallize in the adversity literature, stimulating new research avenues. In the aggregate, the work will produce the first complete worked example, in any study system, of the links between early life, adult life, and longevity. The results will help move the field forward by refining critical hypotheses, providing prospective answers to crucial questions, and pointing to the most fruitful avenues for research in diverse human populations.