Understanding the Development of Social Disconnection in Youth

项目摘要 社会脱节和孤独感在青春期激增，对青少年的身体和 心理健康。此外，在这个生命阶段，社会脱节预示着困难的形成和 在成年后维持关系，对成年人的身体和精神都有类似的负面影响 健康。青少年社交脱节风险的一个关键潜在过程可能是他们生理上的增强 应激反应。泰勒的一项主要理论认为，压力反应可以激活两种主要的社交-- 行为特征，“战斗或逃跑”(即，冲突或社交退缩的增加)，或“照顾和成为朋友”(即， 亲社会和从属行为的增加)。然而，以前对泰勒模型的大多数研究都是 成年人，造成了我们对这些特征何时以及为什么出现在发育过程中以及如何出现的理解上的差距 生物、个性和社会关系有助于年轻人应对社会挑战的倾向 社交疏远与社交参与行为的关系。目前的项目旨在通过以下方式填补这些关键空白 揭示了区分这两种社会行为的生物、个性和关系特征 应力分布。为了实现这一目标，研究小组将承担两个具体目标。首先，团队将 招募280名11-16岁的青少年作为新样本，以完成社会评估应激源和 在实验室进行生物行为评估，一年后进行心理社会评估。该队 将测试社会关系、个性和生物特征(催产素、肾上腺皮质激素、 自主神经和炎性活动)在区分“战斗还是逃跑”和“照顾和成为朋友”方面 对社会评价压力源的反应，并使用这些简档预测孤独的纵向变化。为 第二个目标是，该团队将对674项纵向研究的现有数据进行新的分析 主要是加利福尼亚州低收入的墨西哥裔西班牙裔青年，他们从10岁到 现年24岁。还将对229名青年进行新的储存、冷冻样本的催产素检测。 来自这项研究，他们在17岁时完成了一项带有生物学评估的社会排斥协议(肾上腺皮质， 自主神经和炎症活动)。第二个目标是确定社会福利的预期贡献 青少年的人际关系和人格特征与他们的“非战即逃”和“照顾和成为朋友”的关系 社会排斥压力源，并使用这两个配置文件来预测纵向独处时间的变化。使用 对全样本的674名墨西哥裔青年，我们将检验关系质量和青年个性是否会预测 当学校发生转变时，在海浪中独处的时间增加而不是减少。通过完成 这些目标，这个项目将提供一个多方面的理解社会脱节是如何发展和 确定关键的生物行为目标，这些目标可以被修改以改善青春期的社会连接性和 更远一点。

Project Summary Social disconnection and loneliness surge in adolescence and have a negative impact on youth physical and mental health. Furthermore, social disconnection during this life stage predicts difficulties forming and maintaining relationships in adulthood, with similarly negative consequences for adult physical and mental health. A key underlying process for adolescents’ risk of social disconnection may be their heightened biological stress reactivity. A major theory by Taylor postulated that the stress response can activate two primary social- behavioral profiles, “fight-or-flight” (i.e., an increase in conflict or social withdrawal), or “tend-and-befriend” (i.e., an increase in prosocial and affiliative behavior). However, most prior research on Taylor’s model has been with adults, creating a gap in our understanding of when and why these profiles emerge in development, and how biology, personality, and social relationships contribute to youths’ tendencies to respond to social challenges with socially distancing versus socially engaging behaviors. The current project aims to fill these critical gaps by revealing the biological, personality, and relationship characteristics that differentiate these two social-behavioral stress profiles. To meet this objective, the research team will undertake two specific aims. First, the team will recruit a new sample of 280 adolescents ages 11-16 years old to complete a social evaluation stressor and biobehavioral assessments in the laboratory, followed by psychosocial assessments one year later. The team will test the role of social relationships, personality, and biological characteristics (oxytocin, adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory activity) in differentiating “fight-or-flight” versus “tend-and-befriend” profiles in response to the social evaluation stressor, and predict longitudinal change in loneliness using these profiles. For the second aim, the team will conduct new analyses of existing data from a longitudinal study of 674 predominantly low-income Mexican-origin Hispanic youth in California, who have been followed from age 10 to age 24. New assays of stored, frozen samples for oxytocin will also be conducted in a subsample of 229 youth from this study who at age 17 completed a social exclusion protocol with biological assessments (adrenocortical, autonomic, and inflammatory activity). The second aim is to identify the prospective contributions of social relationships and personality to adolescents’ “fight-or-flight” versus “tend-and-befriend” profiles in response to a social exclusion stressor, and use these two profiles to predict change in time spent alone longitudinally. With the full sample of 674 Mexican-origin youth, we will test that relationship quality and youth personality will predict increased versus decreased time spent alone during waves when school transitions occur. By accomplishing these aims, this project will deliver a multi-faceted understanding of how social disconnection develops and identify key biobehavioral targets that can be modified to improve social connectedness in adolescence and beyond.