Project 3: Efficiency of Language Processing

项目3：项目概要 在听力损失的工作中，结果的可变性是一个持续的难题。听力相当的听众会 并不总是在噪音或真实的世界中表现相似。项目3提出，这源于两个相互关联的问题。 首先，临床试验注重准确性。但准确性是不够的。为了科普现实世界的需求， 感知必须是高效和灵活的。第二，并非所有的变化都是由于听觉周边。认知 随着年龄的增长，听力下降，可能会加剧听力损失的影响。研究在很大程度上 专注于一般认知技能，如工作记忆。专门针对语言的机制尚未收到 多注意。项目3将这些问题联系起来，检验语言的认知机制 处理是听众实现效率和灵活性的方式。我们在单词识别中解决这个问题，单词识别是 连接音义的语言系统。认知模型表明，听众将语音信号与 成千上万的候选人在词典中通过竞争过程，并在效率和灵活性的变化， 都是从这场比赛中涌现出来的这是测试与眼动技术，产生时间丰富的 竞争的动态图。先前的工作表明竞争CI用户的两个配置文件。成功 CI用户表现出一个小的延迟，并保持竞争对手可用，以促进错误后的修订。与此相反， 听众谁挣扎等待访问候选人，直到大部分的话被听到，并显示减少竞争。 项目3提出的问题是，效率的这些方面是否对成果具有独特的重要性， 听觉周边上一个资金周期的数据支持这一观点，将效率与老龄化、倾听努力、 听觉环境和大脑皮层结构。项目3以此为基础，有四个目标。目标1进行大规模 多模式的有经验的CI用户的横截面研究和新收件人的纵向研究。这些 研究询问是什么因素驱动效率的差异，无论是在当下还是在适应CI的过程中。 他们调查了现实世界实践的作用（使用生态瞬时评估，社会网络 分析和设备日志）、语言技能（使用神经心理学测试和新的阅读/眼动 任务）、皮质完整性（使用植入前MRI）和听力努力（使用瞳孔测量法）。他们还要求 效率的差异是否预示着结果的差异，包括跟上快速发展的能力 演讲目标2探讨效率维度如何适应具有挑战性的听力，使用一个新的实验， 一种范例，在这种范例中，句子的上下文产生了对噪音或快速讲话的期望。目标3： 效率与CI用户跨耳朵联合收割机组合信息的方式有关。它采用了双耳分听的模式 为了确定信息是在语音识别之前被组合成复合对象还是被集成 后该测量与每只耳朵中的听觉编码以及眼睛跟踪效率的测量有关。 总之，这项工作将揭示评估结果的新标准（效率），以及其他可修改的标准。 因素（现实世界的做法，调整，以支持双耳集成），以提高成果。

PROJECT 3: PROJECT SUMMARY In work on hearing loss, variability in outcomes is a persistent puzzle. Listeners with comparable hearing do not always perform similarly in noise or the real world. Project 3 proposes this derives from two linked issues. First, clinical tests focus on accuracy. But accuracy is not sufficient. To cope with real-world demands, speech perception must be efficient and flexible. Second, not all variation is due to the auditory periphery. Cognitive ability, which declines with age, could exacerbate the effects of hearing loss. However, research has largely focused on general cognitive skills like working memory. Mechanisms specific to language have not received much attention. Project 3 links these issues, testing the hypothesis that the cognitive mechanisms of language processing are how listeners achieve efficiency and flexibility. We address this in word recognition, a hub in the language system linking sound and meaning. Cognitive models suggest listeners match the speech signal to thousands of candidates in the lexicon via a competition process, and that variation in efficiency and flexibility are emergent from this competition. This is tested with eye-movements techniques that yield a temporally rich picture of the dynamics of competition. Prior work suggests two profiles of competition for CI users. Successful CI users show a small delay and keep competitors available to facilitate revisions after a mistake. In contrast, listeners who struggle wait to access candidates until most of the word is heard and show reduced competition. Project 3 asks if these dimensions of efficiency are uniquely important for outcomes over and above the auditory periphery. Data from the last funding cycle support this idea, linking efficiency to aging, listening effort, the listening environment, and cortical structure. Project 3 builds on this with four aims. Aim 1 conducts a large multi-modal cross-sectional study of experienced CI users and a longitudinal study of new recipients. These studies ask what factors drive differences in efficiency, both in the moment and during adaptation to the CI. They investigate the role of real-world practice (using ecological momentary assessment, social network analysis and device logs), language skills (using neuropsychological tests and a new reading/eye-movement task), cortical integrity (using pre-implantation MRI), and listening effort (using pupillometry). They also ask whether differences in efficiency predict differences in outcomes including the ability to keep up with fast speech. Aim 2 asks how the dimensions of efficiency adapt to challenging listening, using a novel experimental paradigm in which sentence contexts create expectations for either noise or rapid speech. Aim 3 asks whether efficiency is related to the way CI users combine information across ears. It uses a dichotic listening paradigm to ascertain whether information is combined into a composite object prior to speech recognition or integrated later. This measure is related to auditory encoding in each ear, and to eye-tracking measure of efficiency. Together, this work will reveal a new standard for assessment outcomes (efficiency), and other modifiable factors (real-world practice, tuning to support binaural integration) to enhance outcomes.