Neuromodulation in visual cortex

总结/摘要 上行乙酰胆碱能和去甲肾上腺素能神经调节系统被认为改变信息 具有空间和时间精度的大脑皮层处理（Obermayer等人，2017年）的报告。然而，我们缺乏基本的 关于这些系统如何影响感知和决策的神经反应的信息， 清醒的行为主体的感觉皮层。这个项目的首要目标是研究胆碱能 并且在视觉检测任务期间激活到视觉皮层的去甲肾上腺素能输入。遗传编码 神经递质报告基因（GRAB-Ach，GRAB-NE）是一种新型的测量局部神经递质的工具 皮质中的浓度，分辨率为亚秒级。这些新开发的基因编码的神经递质 报告者提供了一个前所未有的窗口，可以实时观察局部神经递质浓度的变化， 知觉决策目的1明确乙酰胆碱和去甲肾上腺素神经递质浓度的关系 与行为决策变量之间的联系目的2明确乙酰胆碱和去甲肾上腺素的关系 初级视觉皮层中的神经递质浓度与神经表征的保真度有关。这项工作 将为更大规模的研究提供初步数据， 操纵认知变量，如注意力，决策和工作记忆。这些初始 这些实验将为未来的研究奠定基础，这些研究将通过全身性的神经递质浓度来控制神经递质的浓度。 或颅内药物注射，以测试神经递质和行为之间的因果关系 性能

Summary/Abstract Ascending acetylcholinergic and noradrenergic neuromodulatory systems are thought to alter information processing in cerebral cortex with spatial and temporal precision (Obermayer et al., 2017). Yet we lack basic information about how these systems affect neural responses underlying perception and decision-making in sensory cortex of awake, behaving subjects. The overarching goal of this project is to investigate how cholinergic and noradrenergic inputs to visual cortex are activated during a visual detection task. Genetically coded neurotransmitter reporters (GRAB-Ach, GRAB-NE) are novel tools that can measure local neurotransmitter concentrations in cortex with sub-second resolution. These newly developed genetically coded neurotransmitter reporters offer an unprecedented window into real-time changes in local neurotransmitter concentration during perceptual decision-making. Aim 1 will define the relationship of ACh and NE neurotransmitter concentrations in primary visual cortex to behavioral decision variables. Aim 2 will define the relationship of ACh and NE neurotransmitter concentrations in primary visual cortex to the fidelity of the neural representation. This work will provide preliminary data for larger scale studies that examine the effect on neurotransmitter concentrations of manipulating cognitive variables such as attention, decision-making, and working memory. These initial experiments will set the stage for future studies that manipulate neurotransmitter concentrations with systemic or intracranial drug injections to test causal relationships between neurotransmitters and behavioral performance.