Impacts of modifiable factors on personal exposures and acute health

项目摘要 我的长期目标是确定个人如何减轻对空气有害健康影响的暴露。 通过实际的生活方式调整来减少污染。我的主要项目目标是调查 个人的选择影响个人暴露于与交通相关的空气污染物(TRAP)和相应的 对健康的严重影响。据报道，在所有相关的空气污染中，交通污染物可能造成多达一半 死亡。尽管这种广泛的、非自愿的暴露带来了负担，但很少有研究研究 因通勤暴露而导致的个人暴露程度。通勤者的暴露取决于 运输方式、时间、路线和燃料类型。公共交通、骑自行车和步行已经成为 被宣传为通过减少车辆数量来减少空气污染的方法，但很少有研究研究如何 由于运输方式的改变或随后对健康的影响，暴露将被修改。 在这项研究中，65名参与者将被要求使用两种交通工具(汽车和自行车， 火车或公交车)，通常通勤时间为4天(每种模式两天)。在每24小时期间， 参与者将接受氧化应激生物标记物和急性心血管疾病的检查 呼吸终点和7+污染物和噪音水平将实时量化。我假设在那里 暴露水平和急性健康终点之间将存在显著关联。一项考试将是 调查这种关联是否因运输方式而改变。我还将研究一下 一天中选择通勤上班和户外锻炼的时间，第二组为75人 参与者。由于陷阱往往在两个相对较短的时间段(上午)内最集中 和晚间高峰时间)，我假设，改变暴露时间将显著改变个人 曝光。 该项目将引入个人接触范例的关键组成部分，即个人的决定- 导致暴露的减少。我们将确定可以减少风险的可修改因素/个人选择 目的是确定减少哪些暴露可以带来有意义的健康益处。这 知识将使个人能够做出能够减少他们暴露的生活方式的选择，而不依赖于 环境空气质量或监管变化。这将在研究地点(巴尔的摩)特别有益， 与燃烧有关的死亡率在美国最高的地方。预计在 该K99/R00将适用于具有类似基础设施的其他大都市地区。通过这项研究， 我的授课课程，以及我的指导团队(由一名肺科医生，一名 生物统计学家、环境流行病学家和接触科学家)，我将获得所需的关键技能 在环境健康科学领域成为一名成功的独立研究人员。

Project Summary My long-term goal is to identify how individuals can mitigate exposures to the deleterious health effects of air pollution through practical lifestyle adjustments. My primary project objective is to investigate how an individual's choices influence personal exposures to traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP) and the corresponding acute health effects. It has been reported that traffic pollutants may cause up to half of all air pollution related mortalities. Despite the burden from such widespread, involuntary exposures, few studies have examined the magnitude of personal exposures due to commuting exposures. A commuter's exposure is dependent on the mode of transport, time of day, route, and fuel type. Public transportation, bicycling, and walking have been promoted as ways to reduce air pollution by reducing the vehicle fleet, yet few studies have examined how exposures would be modified due to a change in the mode of transportation or the subsequent health effects. In this study, 65 participants will be asked to utilize two modes of transportation (car and either bicycle, rail, or bus) during their typical commute over 4 days (two days per mode). During each 24-hr period, the participants will be examined for changes in oxidative stress biomarkers and acute cardiovascular and respiratory endpoints and 7+ pollutants and noise levels will be quantified in real-time. I hypothesize that there will be a significant association between exposure levels and acute health endpoints. An examination will be conducted into whether this association is modified by mode of transport. I will also examine the influence of the time of day an individual chooses to commute to work and exercise outdoors in a second cohort of 75 participants. Since TRAP tends to be most concentrated during two relatively short periods of time (morning and evening rush hours), I hypothesize that altering the time of exposure will notably change personal exposures. This project will bring in a key components of the personal exposure paradigm, an individual's decision- induced reductions in exposure. We will identify modifiable factors/personal choices that can reduce exposures with the objective of identifying which reductions in exposure can lead to meaningful health benefits. This knowledge will enable individuals to make lifestyle choices that can reduce their exposure independent of the ambient air quality or regulatory changes. This will be particularly beneficial in the study location (Baltimore), where the combustion-related mortality rate is highest in the U.S. It is expected that the information obtained in this K99/R00 will be applicable to other metropolitan areas with similar infrastructure. Through this research, my didactic coursework, and the guidance of my mentoring team (comprised of a pulmonologist, a biostatistician, an environmental epidemiologist, and an exposure scientist), I will acquire critical skills required to be a successful, independent researcher in environmental health sciences.