SPECIES DIFFERENCES IN CHOICE AND SELF-CONTROL

选择和自我控制的物种差异

• 批准号: 2249583
• 负责人: TIMOTHY D HACKENBERG
• 金额: $ 11.04万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 1994
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 1994-04-01 至 1997-03-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/2249583
• 关键词: Saimiri; choice; human subject; operant conditionings; pigeons; psychological reinforcement; species difference

DESCRIPTION (Adapted from applicant's abstract): Several converging lines of evidence point to notable human-nonhuman differences in choices with contrasting short-term and longer-term outcomes. This balancing of immediate against temporally remote consequences is implicit in many issues concerning human health and welfare (e.g., preventive medicine, drug abuse, pollution); it is also a key relationship in cost/benefit interpretations of human and nonhuman behavior, such as optimality theory in behavioral ecology and maximization theory in microeconomics. Thus, understanding the factors responsible for species differences in sensitivity to short-term versus longer-term consequences is of practical as well as theoretical importance. In the proposed research, two related lines of experimentation will be pursued concurrently. One line of work, conducted with pigeons, squirrel monkeys, and humans, seeks to minimize procedural differences, particularly differences in motivational/economic context, of which human-nonhuman discrepancies reported in the literature may be partly a function. A second line of research, conducted with humans only, will focus on relations between verbal and nonverbal functioning, and the participation of such functioning in human- nonhuman differences. In some experiments, the content of instructions provided to subjects will be manipulated to assess the degree to which instruction-following alters sensitivity to programmed consequences. In other experiments, subjects will be trained to assess the degree to which instruction -following alters sensitivity to relations between saying and doing, and to evaluate the feasibility of changing what people say to themselves in ways that alter sensitivity to long-term outcomes. Together, this work will help clarify human- nonhuman differences in choice and self-control, and the degree to which principles discovered in the non-human laboratory are applicable to fairly complex human behavior. In identifying variables of which adaptive choice is a function, this research may also provide a starting point for developing effective self-management techniques in humans.

描述（改编自申请人摘要）：几个融合 一系列证据表明，人类与非人类在选择上存在显著差异 短期和长期结果的对比。 这种平衡 直接与时间上遥远的后果之间的关系， 关于人类健康和福利的问题（例如，预防医学， 药物滥用、污染）; 这也是成本/效益方面的关键关系 对人类和非人类行为的解释，如最优理论 行为生态学和微观经济学中的最大化理论。因此，在本发明中， 了解造成物种差异的因素， 对短期和长期后果的敏感性具有实际意义 以及理论上的重要性。 在研究中，两个 将继续进行相关的试验 同时。 一 用鸽子、松鼠猴和人类进行的一系列工作， 尽量减少程序上的差异，特别是 动机/经济背景，其中人类与非人类的差异 在文献中报道的可能是部分功能。 的第二线 研究，只与人类进行，将集中在关系， 语言和非语言功能，以及这种参与 在人类和非人类的差异中发挥作用。 在一些实验中， 将对提供给受试者的说明内容进行操作， 评估预防跟踪改变对以下因素敏感性的程度： 程序化的后果 在其他实验中，受试者将接受训练， 评估遵循指令改变敏感性的程度 说和做的关系，并评估可行性 以改变敏感度的方式改变人们对自己说的话 长期的结果。这项工作将有助于澄清人类- 选择和自我控制的非人类差异，以及 在非人类实验室中发现的原则适用于 相当复杂的人类行为 在确定变量时， 适应性选择是一个函数，本文的研究也可以提供一个出发点 为人类开发有效的自我管理技术提供了一个点。