Origins of Object Knowledge

物体知识的起源

• 批准号: 7028064
• 负责人: SCOTT P JOHNSON
• 金额: $ 27.71万
• 依托单位: NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2006
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2006-03-24 至 2011-02-28
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7028064
• 关键词: behavioral /social science research tag; behavioral habituation /sensitization; child psychology; clinical research; comprehension; experience; eye movements; human subject; infant human (0-1 year); longitudinal human study; neural information processing; video recording system; visual perception; visual stimulus

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Twelve experiments investigate the early development, in human infants, of perception of the unity of partly occluded surfaces. The experiments focus on a time during ontogeny when there may be evidence of visual sensitivity to information specifying object properties, but limited ability to perceive occlusion, with the goal of observing real-time processes by which the infant assembles visible parts of a stimulus into a coherent whole. This approach stipulates that onset of sensitivity to motion and orientation information, development of the oculomotor system, and experience viewing objects undergoing occlusion and disocclusion, play a direct, foundational role in the ontogeny of object perception. That is, there is an hypothesized period, 2 to 4 months of age, during which infants come to use newly-emerged visual skills to perceive objects accurately. The experiments follow a similar strategy: explorations of individual and group differences in both basic visual processing skills and perception of the unity of partly occluded surfaces. Infant perception is assessed with two methods: (a) recording of eye movements, to measure improvements in pickup of important visual .information, and (b) habituation/dishabituation, to ascertain perception of object unity as well as to determine the extent of sensitivity to available visual information. It is expected that the detailed analysis of individual differences afforded by this approach provide the opportunity for exceptionally sensitive measures of the emergence of visual skills and object knowledge. The short-term objectives of the present proposal are to elucidate fundamental developmental mechanisms in the context of the classic nature-nurture debate. The long-term goals are to shed light on the larger question of how knowledge is acquired and structured in the human, and how perceptual skills impact knowledge acquisition and structure. In the future, such understanding may aid in the formulation of diagnostics and treatments for some developmental disorders.

描述(由申请人提供)：12个实验调查了人类婴儿对部分遮挡表面的统一性的感知的早期发展。这些实验集中在个体发育过程中的一个时间段，当时可能有证据表明，婴儿对指定对象属性的信息具有视觉敏感性，但感知遮挡的能力有限，目的是观察婴儿将刺激的可见部分组装成连贯整体的实时过程。这种方法规定，对运动和方位信息的敏感性的开始，动眼系统的发展，以及观看遮挡和非咬合的物体的经验，在物体知觉的个体发生中起着直接的基础作用。也就是说，有一个假设期，2到4个月大，在这段时间里，婴儿开始使用新出现的视觉技能来准确地感知物体。这些实验遵循类似的策略：探索个人和群体在基本视觉处理技能和对部分遮挡表面的统一性的感知方面的差异。通过两种方法评估婴儿的知觉：(A)记录眼球运动，以衡量在拾取重要视觉信息方面的改善；(B)习惯化/去习惯化，以确定对物体统一性的感知，以及确定对可用视觉信息的敏感程度。预期这一方法提供的对个体差异的详细分析将为对视觉技能和物体知识的出现采取特别敏感的措施提供机会。本提案的短期目标是在传统的先天-后天辩论的背景下阐明基本的发展机制。长期目标是阐明一个更大的问题，即知识是如何在人类中获得和构建的，以及感知技能如何影响知识的获取和构建。在未来，这样的理解可能有助于制定一些发育障碍的诊断和治疗方案。