Development of Conduct Problems: Genetic and Environmental Interface

描述（由申请人提供）：我们已经实施了一项关于攻击和反社会行为（ASB）及其社会和生物风险因素的主要纵向双胞胎研究（#MH58354）。基于9-10岁（第1波）和11-12岁（第2波）收集的两波数据，我们研究了儿童行为问题的遗传和环境变化，以及这些变化在性别、性别和ASB定义之间的差异。ASB与已知危险因素（社会和生物）的关系已得到证实，并发现了新的关系。风险因素/ASB之间的关系在多大程度上受环境和/或遗传因素的调节，这对未来的干预至关重要。我们建议将研究扩展到包括14-15岁（第三波）和16-17岁（第四波）的另外两波评估，以获得这些儿童在青春期反社会和攻击行为及其危险因素的综合测量。下一阶段的主要目标是了解9-17岁ASB的环境、遗传和表型连续性及其生物学和社会风险因素。第一个5年阶段在两波调查中提供了对行为、神经认知、社会和心理生理功能的综合评估。在第一阶段，双胞胎及其主要照顾者参与了最广泛的评估，包括关于行为和心理社会风险因素的结构化访谈，神经认知测试，以及休息期间的心理生理反应（心血管、皮肤电、皮层电和肌电图）和各种任务（注意力和情绪相关）。第二阶段的后续评估主要关注儿童的行为和社会风险因素（同伴和家庭特征），并进行了有限的心理生理记录（仅限自主测量）。在青春期增加两波以上的数据收集将提供最全面的、前瞻性的ASB纵向数据，这些数据是在基因信息设计中获得的。这项为期10年的四波纵向双胞胎研究将为了解基因和环境如何结合和相互作用从而在儿童和青少年中产生反社会结果提供独特的机会。在修订后的申请中，澄清了理论框架和详细的分析计划。数据分析核心人员已经扩展到协助复杂的表型和遗传分析，这些分析将从这个丰富而独特的纵向数据集中产生。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We have implemented a major longitudinal twin study of aggression and antisocial behavior (ASB) and its social and biological risk factors (#MH58354). Based on two waves of data collected at ages 9-10 (Wave 1) and 11-12 (Wave 2), we study genetic and environmental variations in childhood conduct problems, and how these vary across gender, rater, and definition of ASB. Relationships of ASB with known risk factors (social and biological) have been confirmed, and new relationships have been identified. The extent to which risk factor/ASB relationships are mediated by environmental and/or genetic factors is studied and is of key importance to future intervention. We propose to extend the study to include 2 additional waves of assessment at ages 14-15 (Wave 3) and 16-17 (Wave 4), to obtain comprehensive measures of antisocial and aggressive behavior and their risk factors for these same children during adolescence. The primary aim of the next phase is to understand environmental, genetic, and phenotypic continuities in ASB and its biological and social risk factors from age 9-17. The first 5-year phase provided comprehensive assessments of behavioral, neurocognitive, social, and psychophysiological function during two waves of investigation. In Wave 1, twins and their primary caregivers participated in the most extensive assessment, including structured interviews about behavior and psychosocial risk factors, neurocognitive testing, and psychophysiological responses (cardiovascular, electrodermal, electrocortical, and electromyographic) during rest periods and a variety of tasks (attention and emotion-related). A follow-up assessment in Wave 2 focused primarily on children's' behavior and social risk factors (peer and family characteristics), with a limited psychophysiological recording (autonomic measures only). Adding two more waves of data collection during adolescence will provide the most comprehensive, prospective longitudinal data on ASB ever obtained in a genetically informative design. This four-wave, 10 year longitudinal twin study will provide the unique opportunity to understand how genes and environment combine and interact to produce antisocial outcomes in children and adolescents. In this revised application, clarifications of theoretical framework and a detailed plan for analyses are provided. The data analysis core staff has been expanded to assist in the complex phenotypic and genetic analyses that will ensue from this rich and unique longitudinal dataset.