Life-span Evolution of the Capabilities of Rhesus Monkeys

描述（由申请人提供）：了解早期生活条件和随后的生活环境在决定：成人老龄化，健康，社会经济结果，个性和认知方面所起的作用是非常有兴趣的。同样令人感兴趣的是了解人格和认知对健康、老龄化和社会经济结果的影响。人们对了解这些领域的补偿、补救和恢复的可能途径也很感兴趣。植根于生物学、心理学和环境的人类发展机制对于制定促进健康、减少不平等和开发人类潜力的政策至关重要。对这些机制的适当研究需要关于基因、环境和生物学的详细生命周期信息。当跨代研究时，人们可以更好地研究家庭影响的影响，以及环境在改善或加剧初始禀赋方面的作用。即使是对一代人的研究，也缺乏必要的数据；代际数据甚至更加零碎。人类的实验证据也很有限。恒河猴在基因和社会上与人类相似。关于恒河猴及其生存环境的丰富数据已被收集，这些数据将用于本项目。此外，该项目将从各种干预措施中产生新的数据。有了这些数据，就有可能研究恒河猴能力的演变，并检查剥夺和补救在生命周期发展中的作用。在动物权利协议规定的范围内，该项目将设计不利的早期和青少年环境。该项目将利用生物学（健康）、认知和个性的许多测量方法，对恒河猴生命周期的五个间隔取样，并进行各种环境干预。对这些数据的分析将揭示新的经验关系，并对接近人类的动物物种的能力的起源和发展有更深入的、基于生物学的理解。这些数据将用于对这些恒河猴种群进行人类种群基因分析的尖端方法。该项目将分析社会因素如何在动态环境中调节基因表达，特别是哪组基因对社会影响敏感，这些影响如何转导到细胞的分子环境中，以及固有的遗传特征如何调节社会环境影响。这些数据将使用生命周期技能形成的动态计量经济模型进行分析，该模型将指导人类政策分析的制定。对恒河猴的分析将作为人类发展研究的一个原型。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): There is substantial interest in understanding the role that early life conditions and subsequent life environments play in determining: adult aging, health, socioeconomic outcomes, personality and cognition. Also of interest is understanding the effects that personality and cognition have on health, aging and socioeconomic outcomes. There is also great interest in understanding possible avenues of compensation, remediation and resilience in these areas. Mechanisms of human development rooted in biology, psychology and the environment are essential to designing policies that promote health, reduce inequality, and develop human potential. A proper study of these mechanisms requires detailed life cycle information on genes, environments and biology. When examined across generations, one can better examine the effects of family influence, and the role of environments in ameliorating or exacerbating initial endowments. Even for a study of humans within a generation, the requisite data are scarce; intergenerational data are even more fragmentary. Experimental evidence for humans is also limited. Rhesus monkeys are genetically and socially similar to humans. Rich data has been collected on rhesus monkeys and their environments, between and across generations, which will be used for this project. Furthermore, this project will generate new data from a variety of interventions. With these data, it is possible to study the evolution of rhesus capabilities and to examine the role of deprivation and remediation in life cycle development. Within limits dictated by animal rights protocols, this project will engineer adverse early and adolescent environments. The project will utilize numerous measures of biology (health), cognition and personality for monkeys sampled over five intervals of the rhesus life cycles and performs a variety of environmental interventions Analyses of these data will reveal new empirical relationships and a deeper, biologically-based understanding of the origins and development of capabilities in an animal species close to humans. Cutting-edge methodology will be used with this data to conduct gene analysis developed for human populations on these rhesus monkey populations. The project will analyze how social factors regulate gene expression in a dynamic setting and in particular which sets of genes are sensitive to social influences, how these influences are transduced into the molecular environment of the cell, and how inherent genetic characteristics might modulate socio-environmental influences. These data will be analyzed using a dynamic econometric model of life cycle skill formation that will guide the formulation of policy analysis for humans. An analysis of rhesus monkeys will serve as a prototype for what is possible in the study of human development. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This proposal seeks support to investigate the origins of inequality in health and other social and economic outcomes and mechanisms to alleviate inequality. Current studies of inequality in human populations lack firm biological and experimental grounding, but rhesus monkeys share approximately 95% of their genes with humans and possess functionally similar polymorphisms in several genes linked to emotional regulation. Because of these similarities, this project can use experimental research on rhesus monkey populations to investigate the origins of inequality, the mechanisms that foster resilience to adversity, and the efficacy of interventions that compensate or remediate adversity.