Bioterrorism Studies

REB开展的大多数剂量测定工作都直接或间接应用于评估涉及环境辐射的生物恐怖主义事件的辐射剂量。对剂量的准确评估有助于对长期癌症风险作出准确预测。自2005年以来，REB所有与生物恐怖主义有关的研究都是根据NIAID和NCI之间的机构间协议资助的。已完成和正在进行的REB生物恐怖主义相关活动的例子如下。<ul style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana">核<li><b>武器试验产生的放射性沉降物：</b>关于核武器试验产生的放射性沉降物的研究，已完成的研究包括：（1）编制基于网络的计算器，用于估算源自内华达州试验场沉降物的I-131的个人甲状腺辐射剂量和相关的甲状腺癌风险，（二）申请人的姓名或者名称;关于美国人民从全世界所有核武器试验的沉降物中接受的辐射剂量的授权可行性研究。继续进行的研究包括：（1）制定一种联合方法，以评估在塞米巴拉金斯克进行的核试验所产生的辐射剂量，（2）对塞米巴拉金斯克核试验产生的环境放射性沉降物暴露后的甲状腺癌和甲状腺疾病风险进行流行病学研究（3）收集关于居住历史、食品消费率、（4）根据国会的授权，对在马歇尔群岛进行的核试验的剂量和风险进行评估，（5）收集有关沉降物的历史数据以及国家和国际报告，并建立一个全球沉降物测量电子数据库。</li><br><br><li><b>Evaluation of Consequences of Radiation Accidents:</b> With respect to the evaluation of the consequences of actual or hypothetical radiation accidents, a study was completed in which a database was developed of stable chromosome aberration rates for unexposed people of all ages.这些数据可用于核恐怖事件或核事故后的照射，以区分未受照射者和中度照射者。继续进行的或新进行的研究包括：（1）估计受切尔诺贝利事故排放物照射的人的辐射剂量;（2）迅速评估核事故后外部辐照的个人剂量;（3）评价切尔诺贝利事故后采取的应对措施的组织、实施和效力。</li><br><br><li><b>（</b>3）评估健康人和患有甲状腺疾病的人每单位摄入I-131的剂量，以及（4）文献回顾和一些计划的实验，以定量估计某些放射性核素的转移（那些被认为可能用于脏弹的）动物奶和奶制品。(those considered as likely to be used in dirty bombs) to animal milk and dairy products. </li><br><br><li><b>Training and Communication:</b> A number of studies or activities are also devoted to training and communication.已完成的活动包括：（1）在2004年健康物理学会年会和2006年7月BioDosEPR研讨会上组织了关于辐射剂量学的特别会议，以及（2）编写了《辐射研究》特刊，介绍如何将剂量学方法应用于医疗、职业和环境辐射剂量的评估。持续的活动包括参加国家和国际组织的方案和专家委员会，例如，国家辐射防护和测量理事会、国际辐射防护委员会、国际原子能机构和联合国原子辐射影响问题科学委员会。此外，还为可能参与缓解核事件的人员提供辐射科学培训，包括为期一周的辐射流行病学课程。</li>&lt;/ul

Most of the dosimetry work that is carried out at REB has direct or indirect applications to the assessment of radiation doses from bioterrorism events involving environmental radiation. Accurate assessment of doses permits accurate projections of long-term cancer risks to be made. Since 2005, all of the bioterrorism-related studies at REB are funded under an Inter-Agency Agreement between NIAID and NCI. Examples of completed and continuing REB activities relevant of bioterrorism follow.<ul style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Verdana"> <li><b>Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests:</b> With regard to the studies of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons test, the completed studies include: (1) The preparation of a web-based calculator for estimating individual thyroid radiation dose from I-131 originating from Nevada Test Site fallout and the related thyroid cancer risk, and (2) The preparation of a report of a Congressionally-mandated feasibility study on radiation doses received by the American people from fallout from all nuclear weapons tests worldwide. The continuing studies are: (1) The development of a joint methodology for assessment of radiation doses from nuclear tests conducted at Semipalatinsk, (2) Conduct of an epidemiologic study on thyroid cancer and thyroid disease risks following exposure to environmental radiation active fallout from the Semipalatinsk (Kazakhstan) nuclear test site, (3) The acquisition of data on residential history, foodstuff consumption rates, and agricultural practices to be used in the joint methodology and in the Kazakhstan epidemiologic study, (4) As mandated by Congress, the assessment of doses and risks from nuclear tests conducted in the Marshall Islands, and (5) Archiving historical fallout data and national and international reports on fallout and developing an electronic database on fallout measurements worldwide.</li><br><br><li><b>Evaluation of Consequences of Radiation Accidents:</b> With respect to the evaluation of the consequences of actual or hypothetical radiation accidents, a study was completed in which a database was developed of stable chromosome aberration rates for unexposed people of all ages. The data could be used following exposures from a nuclear terrorist event or accident to distinguish between unexposed persons from those with moderate exposure. Continuing or new studies include: (1) The estimation of radiation doses by people exposed to emissions from the Chernobyl accident, (2) The rapid assessment of individual doses from external irradiation following a nuclear event; and (3) The evaluation of the organization, implementation, and efficacy of the countermeasures used after the Chernobyl accident.</li><br><br><li><b>Development of New Methods:</b> Regarding the development of new methods, several innovative studies are underway and continuing, including (1) The development of improved biodosimetry techniques using human tooth enamel and optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), (2) Corroboration of analytical dosimetry estimates via biodosimetry measurements, (3) The assessment of doses per unit intake of I-131 for healthy people and for people suffering from thyroid diseases, and (4) A literature review and some planned experiments to quantitatively estimate the transfer of certain radionuclides (those considered as likely to be used in dirty bombs) to animal milk and dairy products.</li><br><br><li><b>Training and Communication:</b> A number of studies or activities are also devoted to training and communication. Completed activities include: (1) The organization of special sessions on radiation dosimetry at the 2004 annual meeting of the Health Physics Society and at the BioDosEPR Symposium in July 2006, and (2) The preparation of a special issue of Radiation Research describing how dosimetry methods are applied in the assessment of medical, occupational, and environmental radiation doses. Continuing activities include participation in programs and expert committees of national and international organizations, e.g., National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). In addition, training in radiation sciences for personnel who could be involved in the mitigation of nuclear events is provided including a one-week course on Radiation Epidemiology.</li></ul