Sex chromosomes and relocation of genes by duplication

性染色体和基因复制的重新定位

• 批准号: 7616444
• 负责人: ESTHER BETRAN
• 金额: $ 14.03万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS ARLINGTON
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2005
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2005-05-01 至 2011-04-30
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7616444
• 关键词: Address; Age; Bioinformatics; Biology; Computer software; Consensus; Data; Dosage Compensation (Genetics); Drosophila genome; Drosophila genus; Evolution; Expressed Sequence Tags; Female; Gender; Gene Duplication; Generations; Genes; Genetic Polymorphism; Genetic Transcription; Green Fluorescent Proteins; Human; Knowledge; Location; Molecular Evolution; Mus; Mutagenesis; Nucleotides; Pattern; Phosphorus; Phylogenetic Analysis; Phylogenetic Pattern; Population; Process; Promoter Regions; Recruitment Activity; Regulation; Reporter Genes; Reporting; Research; Role; Sex Chromosomes; Site; Spermatogenesis; Techniques; Technology; Testis; Transcript; X Chromosome; X Inactivation; Y Chromosome; autosome; base; duplicate genes; gene function; homologous recombination; insight; interest; mRNA Expression; male; mutant; novel; promoter; sexual dimorphism; tool; transcription factor

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Heteromorphic sex chromosomes determine males and females in many species and their study is of general interest. Understanding the biases in the generation of genes and functions with respect to sex chromosomes is of primary significance to explaining sexual dimorphism and sex chromosome evolution. The sex chromosomes are found to differentiate from a pair of autosomes; most of the Y chromosome degenerates, and the X chromosome develops dosage compensation. Two main types of biases in the generation of duplicates in relation to sex chromosomes have been observed (in human, mouse and D. melanogaster): new genes are recruited by the Y chromosome and duplicates escape the X chromosome. In particular, retroposition has revealed the directionality of the duplication and has helped us to reveal duplicates that escape the X chromosome. Many of these new duplicate genes have male specific function. So the bias in their location and expression pattern reveals that significant positive selection takes place when those genes become fixed in the population and when they acquire a gender specific promoter. This project proposes two objectives: [1] to study the function and role of selection in retrogenes newly relocated from X to autosome in D. melanogaster, and [2] to study how the acquisition of male specific promoter regions takes place in these newly relocated retrogenes in Drosophila. Data of polymorphism and divergence at the nucleotide level, mRNA expression information, P element transformation technology, homologous recombination, direct mutagenesis and the most up to date bioinformatics tools and molecular evolution software will be exploited to achieve these two objectives.

描述(申请人提供)：在许多物种中，异形性染色体决定雄性和雌性，它们的研究是普遍感兴趣的。了解与性染色体相关的基因和功能的产生中的偏差，对于解释性二态和性染色体进化具有重要意义。性染色体被发现是从一对常染色体分化而来的；大多数Y染色体退化，X染色体产生剂量补偿。在与性染色体相关的复制的产生中，已经观察到两种主要类型的偏见(在人、小鼠和黑腹毛虫中)：新基因被Y染色体招募，复制的基因逃逸到X染色体。特别是，回溯揭示了复制的方向性，并帮助我们揭示了逃脱X染色体的复制。这些新的重复基因中有许多具有男性特有的功能。因此，它们的位置和表达模式上的偏差表明，当这些基因在群体中变得固定时，当它们获得性别特有的启动子时，就会发生显著的正选择。本项目提出了两个目标：[1]研究选择在黑腹果蝇从X新定位到常染色体的逆转录基因中的功能和作用，[2]研究在果蝇中如何在这些新定位的逆转录基因中获得雄性特异性启动子区域。为了实现这两个目标，将利用核苷酸水平的多态和差异数据、mRNA表达信息、P元件转化技术、同源重组、直接突变以及最新的生物信息学工具和分子进化软件。