Young Children's Self-Regulation in an Urban Context: A Multilevel Analysis

城市背景下幼儿的自我调节：多层次分析

• 批准号: 7915658
• 负责人: JEANNE BROOKS-GUNN
• 金额: $ 18.07万
• 依托单位: COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY TEACHERS COLLEGE
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-08-01 至 2012-07-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7915658
• 关键词: 6 year old; Address; Adolescence; Affect; African American; Age; American; Attention; Attention Deficit Disorder; Behavioral; Birth; Characteristics; Chicago; Child; Child Development; Childhood; Competence; Conflict (Psychology); Data; Data Analyses; Data Set; Disease; European; Exhibits; Family; Family Characteristics; Future; Growth; Health behavior; Hostility; Household; Human Development; Infant; Informal Social Control; Intervention; Knowledge; Latino; Life; Linear Models; Link; Literature; Measures; Modeling; Moral Development; Mother-Child Relations; Mothers; Motor; Movement; Neighborhoods; Nursery Schools; Outcome; Parenting behavior; Play; Predisposition; Problem behavior; Public Health; Punishment; Reporting; Research; Risk; Risk Behaviors; Sampling; Schools; Temperament; Testing; Time; Violence; anti social; cohort; depressive symptoms; design; early childhood; improved; infancy; model development; motor control; multilevel analysis; public health relevance; response; skills; social

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Effortful control (EC), which reflects the self-regulatory aspect of early childhood temperament, develops considerably in the first five years of life. Optimal EC by preschool age is desirable because it affects children's socioemotional adjustment at school entry, which in turn predicts behavioral and academic growth throughout middle childhood and adolescence. Previous research has identified selected characteristics of children, their families, and their neighborhoods that influence early EC. However, only one such study has examined all three ecological contexts at once, and it was not designed for multilevel data analysis. Following Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of development, we make use of a multilevel data set that was designed to study child development in context. Hierarchical linear modeling is used to analyze children sampled from diverse neighborhoods throughout Chicago. We select a cohort of children that was followed from birth/infancy to 6 years of age, and test the explanatory power of characteristics from three environmental contexts: the mother-child relationship, the family, and the neighborhood. Mother-child relationship characteristics include corporal punishment, maternal hostility, maternal warmth, and maternal depressive symptoms. Family characteristics include family instability, family conflict, inter-parental violence, and household chaos. Neighborhood characteristics include collective efficacy, disorder, and access to safe play spaces. In testing whether these environmental characteristics influence children's developing EC (adjusting for child, family, and neighborhood demographic characteristics), special attention will be paid to the possibility that they are differentially associated with two facets of EC - delay and motor control. We also test Belsky's differential susceptibility hypothesis by examining whether highly reactive infants are affected more than other infants by environmental predictors of EC. Last, we ask whether delay of gratification and motor control are differentially associated with three contemporaneous measures of socioemotional adjustment: externalizing, internalizing, and attention deficit behavior problems. Results should inform future interventions to improve children's EC. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This study addresses gaps in our knowledge about the antecedents and consequences of effortful control. Young children depend on effortful control, along with other facets of self-regulation, to manage behavioral impulses. Effortful control contributes to socioemotional, academic, and moral development, and is thus implicated in numerous public health problems such as attention deficit disorder, antisocial behavior, and health risk behaviors.

描述（由申请人提供）：努力控制（Effortful control， EC），反映了幼儿气质的自我调节方面，在生命的前五年得到了相当大的发展。学龄前的最佳EC是可取的，因为它影响儿童入学时的社会情绪调整，进而预测整个儿童中期和青春期的行为和学业成长。先前的研究已经确定了影响早期早泄的儿童、他们的家庭和他们的社区的选定特征。然而，只有一项这样的研究同时检查了所有三种生态环境，而且它不是为多层次数据分析而设计的。根据布朗芬布伦纳的生物生态学发展模型，我们利用了一个多层次的数据集，旨在研究背景下的儿童发展。分层线性模型用于分析来自芝加哥不同社区的儿童样本。我们选择了一组从出生/婴儿期到6岁的儿童，并从三个环境背景（母子关系、家庭和邻里）中测试了特征的解释力。母子关系特征包括体罚、母亲敌意、母亲温暖和母亲抑郁症状。家庭特征包括家庭不稳定、家庭冲突、父母间暴力、家庭混乱。邻里特征包括集体效能、无序性和安全的游戏空间。在测试这些环境特征是否会影响儿童的智力发展（根据儿童、家庭和邻里的人口特征进行调整）时，将特别注意它们与智力发展的两个方面——延迟和运动控制——存在差异的可能性。我们还通过检查高反应婴儿是否比其他婴儿更容易受到EC环境预测因素的影响来检验Belsky的差异易感性假设。最后，我们询问满足延迟和运动控制是否与三种社会情绪调整的同时测量差异相关：外化、内化和注意缺陷行为问题。研究结果将为未来改善儿童EC的干预措施提供依据。公共卫生相关性：本研究解决了我们在努力控制的前因后果方面的知识差距。幼儿依靠努力控制和其他方面的自我调节来管理行为冲动。努力控制有助于社会情感、学术和道德的发展，因此涉及许多公共卫生问题，如注意力缺陷障碍、反社会行为和健康风险行为。