PROT 1: EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGIC INCREASE IN FFA ON MITOCHONDRIAL FUNC IN NGT SUBJ

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This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. OBJECTIVE: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by defects in insulin action and insulin secretion. Disburbances in free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism also are a characteristic feature of T2DM and are observed in genetically predisposed individuals before the onset of overt diabetes. This raises the interesting possibility that FFA act as metabolic messengers which, when released in increased amounts, impair insulin action in isulin target tissues, i.e., "lipotoxicity". Much evidence also indicates that tissue fat content is increased in T2DM. We hypothesize that tissue lipid overload decreases expression of PGC-1, NRG-1, and mutliple mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation. RESEARCH PLAN: In the present grant we shall examine the mechanisms of FFA-induced and hyperglycemia-induced insulin resistance. Using the insulin clamp with vastus lateralis muscle biopsy, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and in vivo and in vitro evaluation of mitochondrial function, we shall examine the effect of elevated plasma FFA alone, increased glucosamine (glucose) alone, and the combination of elevated plasma glucosamine (glucose) plus elevated plasma FFA on whole body (muscle) insulin-stimulated glucose disposal/glucose oxidation/glycogen synthesis, insluin signaling, and mitochondrial gene expression and function in healthy NGT-insulin sensitive subjects. We also will examine the effect of acipimox (a potent inhibitor of lipolysis) and the effect of a highly specific inhibitor of renal tubular (SGLT2) glucose transport (BMS 512148) on the preceding parameters in T2DM subjects. METHODS: The resulant impairment in mitochondrial function leads to impaired substrate oxidation and accumulation of toxic lipid metabolites that inhibit insulin signaling and cause insulin resistance. In vivo and in vitro studies also suggest that increased hexosamine flux inhibits expression of PGC-1 and multiple mitochondrial genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation, i.e. "glucotoxicity". In the presence of hyperglycemia, an increase in malonyl CoA would be expected to further impair muscle fat and glucose oxidation by inhibiting CPT1, leading to an increase in toxic intracellular lipid metabolits and worsening of the insulin resistance, i.e. "glucolipotoxicity". CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These treatments reduce plasma FFA/deplete lipid from muscle and reduce plasma glucose levels, respectively. Therefore, we hypothesize that these interventions will increase PGC-1/MRF-1/mitochondrial gene expression, improve mitochondrial function, and enhance insulin sensitivity/secretion. Lastly, we will examine the effect of combined acipimox/BMS 512148 therapy on the above parameters in T2DM. We believe that these studies will yield new insights into the etiology of insulin resistance in T2DM and identify novel therapeutic approaches to reverse the defects in insulin action and restore normoglycemia.