Macro Level Stressors, Terrorism, and Drinking Outcomes

描述（由申请人提供）：本研究的目的是：1）通过检查当前显著性的宏观压力源（MLS），包括恐怖主义相关压力源，自然灾害，在国外战争和其他MLS中的部署，以及2）描述MLS对有害饮酒结果的影响过程，从而拓宽人口调查中通常研究的心理社会压力源的领域。通过对焦点小组的记录进行内容分析，将制定一个MLS工具，沿着应对方式，包括集体“转化”的积极应对方式和与个性有关的反应。然后，我们将对美国大陆的代表性样本进行两波调查（第一波N= 2507），采用混合方法，包括RDD电话访谈，然后通过邮寄问卷招募受访者。我们的理论框架包括：MLS和微观水平的压力暴露，保护调节剂（婚姻/伴侣状况，感知的社会支持，积极应对，特别关注“转化”应对，以及健康和心理健康服务利用），脆弱性调节因子（人格缺陷，包括控制感低，消极情感，酒精相关因素，包括积极的期望，问题饮酒个人史和问题饮酒/酗酒家族史）、痛苦和压力评估调解员（感知压力负担，抑郁，焦虑和PTSD心理学），社会地位（性别，SES和种族/民族），饮酒和物质使用的结果（消费的数量和频率、酗酒、饮酒致醉、与问题有关的饮酒以及使用其他合法和非法药物）。结构方程模型将被用来测试研究假设描绘的过程中，MLS有助于有害的饮酒结果。长期的公共卫生相关目标是：1）建立一个知识库，描述MLS导致有害饮酒结果的动力学，2）提出涉及干预和预防工作的社会政策的影响，旨在减少MLS导致的有害饮酒结果。公共卫生相关性：该项目与公共卫生有关，因为它涉及被视为对社会中个人的心理健康产生负面影响的重要社会因素（在这种情况下，是特定类型的社会压力源）。更具体地说，这项研究将展示宏观社会压力导致有害饮酒结果的方式，以及干预和预防的重要因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The objectives of this study are to 1)broaden the domain of psychosocial stressors typically studied in population surveys by examining macro level stressors (MLS) of current salience, including terrorism-related stressors, natural disasters, deployment in foreign wars and other MLS, and 2)depict the processes by which MLS impact on deleterious drinking outcomes. A MLS instrument, along with ways of coping which include collective "transformatory" active modes of coping and personality-relevant reactions, will be developed by content analyses of the transcripts from focus groups. We will then conduct a two wave survey of a representative sample of the continental U.S. (N= 2507 at wave 1) employing mixed methods entailing RDD phone interviews to recruit respondents followed by mailed questionnaires. Our theoretical framework encompasses: MLS and micro level stress exposure, protective moderators (marital/partner status, perceived social support, active coping with a particular focus on "transformatory" coping, and health and mental health service utilization), vulnerability moderators (personality deficits involving low sense of control, and negative affectivity, and alcohol-related factors involving positive expectancies, personal history of problem drinking and family history of problem drinking/alcoholism), distress and stress appraisal mediators (perceived stress burden, depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptomatology), social status (gender, SES and race/ethnicity), and drinking and substance use outcomes (quantity and frequency of consumption, binge drinking, drinking to intoxication, problem-related drinking and use of other licit and illicit drugs). Structural equation models will be used to test the study hypotheses depicting the processes by which MLS contribute to deleterious drinking outcomes. Long term public health-relevant goals are: 1)to produce a knowledge base depicting the dynamics by which MLS contribute to deleterious drinking outcomes and 2)suggest implications for social policies involving intervention and prevention efforts aimed at reducing MLS-engendered deleterious drinking outcomes. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This project is relevant to public health in so far as it addresses important social factors (in this case, particular types of social stressors) which are viewed as negatively impacting the mental health of individuals in society. More specifically, the study will demonstrate the ways in which macro social stressors lead to deleterious drinking outcomes, and factors important for interventions and prevention.