Mechanisms Underlying Social Cooperative Behavior

描述（由申请人提供）：在过去的几十年里，了解社会合作行为的本质已经受到了相当大的关注，跨越了多个研究领域。人们已经被证明，从积极的社会互动中获得的效用价值高于与自私的货币回报相关的价值。人们提出了各种解释来解释这一现象，包括：人们厌恶不公平，人们关心他人的意图，人们从积极的社会互动中获得社会效用，人们对规范违反的负面情绪反应。最近在新兴的社会神经经济学领域的研究支持了这样一种观点，即合作可以导致积极情绪的增加，以及与奖励处理相关的大脑区域的活动增加，这表明人们确实在积极的社会互动中找到了效用。然而，这种行为背后的另一种可能机制是人们厌恶内疚，并做出最小化他们预期内疚的决定。这种观点基于社会心理学中的内疚概念，在最近的经济模型中得到了支持，在这些模型中，关于他人信念的信念被纳入个人效用函数。尽管内疚在临床和社会心理学中有着广泛的理论发展，但令人惊讶的是，它几乎没有产生令人信服的实证研究。心理博弈论提供了经济学和心理学的方法和理论的理想结合，以探索内疚如何影响社会互动背景下的实际行为。研究1.1将讨论这样一个假设：只有当你相信你的伴侣认为你有错时，你才会感到内疚。研究1.2将探讨通过采取赔偿行动可以放弃罪责的假设。最后，研究2将尝试使用一个复杂的内疚经济模型来预测与内疚体验相关的大脑活动。与NIMH的使命一致，即推进行为和脑科学的整合，以更好地了解精神障碍，该提案结合了心理学，经济学和神经科学等不同领域的理论和方法，以更好地了解内疚在社会互动决策中的作用，这可以深入了解与多种神经精神疾病相关的社会情感障碍，包括精神病、抑郁症、创伤性脑损伤和额颞叶痴呆。我的长期目标是追求作为临床神经科学家的学术生涯，其中我将使用神经影像学作为我的主要研究方法来调查神经精神疾病中决策障碍的性质。我认为，基础研究和应用研究中最重要的进展都来自于跨学科的方法，这需要在兴趣的广度和知识的深度之间找到平衡。最后，我希望在影像技术的应用上取得进展，这将有助于更好地理解与神经精神病理学相关的功能障碍，并导致改进的诊断和治疗程序。我的培训计划包含了我实现职业目标所需的工具。首先，我正在积极攻读临床心理学博士学位，辅修临床神经心理学。我的大量课程包括研讨会，实习和实习，重点是了解精神和神经疾病的精神病理学的性质，并熟练掌握最新的经验支持的心理评估和治疗技术。第二，我的研究计划侧重于整合神经科学，经济学和心理学的前沿技术，以开发新的范式，隔离信念和情感在决策中的作用。这些范例对于理解与各种神经精神病理相关的决策障碍的性质至关重要。我很幸运能够接触到那些开创了与我的建议直接相关的理论和方法的教师。通过，课程，直接一对一的互动，实验室会议，并与他们的学生沟通，我将能够提高我的熟练程度有关的概念和技能从艾伦·桑福德博士，情绪从约翰博士艾伦，心理博弈论从马丁·杜夫温伯格博士，动态强化学习模型从迈克尔·弗兰克博士，神经成像从艾伦·桑福德博士，李瑞安，和特德Trouard，以及奥雷利奥·菲格雷多博士的多元统计学。第三，我的培训计划也强调了我将从赞助商那里得到的出色的指导和指导。艾伦·桑福德博士，这直接关系到我的职业目标。在负责任的研究行为，研究，手稿和赠款的写作，并在开发有效的海报和演示文稿的独立程序的发展接受教学培训将有助于在学术生涯的准备。我还将通过指导本科生研究助理获得宝贵的教学经验。该培训计划为在神经经济学领域作为临床神经科学家追求雄心勃勃的学术生涯的个人提供了理想的途径。正式的临床培训与研究重点延伸到心理学，经济学和神经科学的不同领域的独特整合将为我提供最佳的培训，以产生与NIMH的优先级相一致的高影响力研究“推进大脑和行为科学的综合科学，为理解精神障碍及其治疗提供基础。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Understanding the nature of social cooperative behavior has received considerable attention over the past few decades spanning multiple domains of inquiry. People have been demonstrated to weigh the value of utility gained from positive social interactions higher then that associated with self-serving monetary payoffs. A variety of explanations have been proposed to explain this phenomenon including: people are inequity averse, people care about other's intentions, people receive social utility from positive social interactions, and people experience negative emotional reactions in response to norm violations. Recent research in the emerging field of Social Neuroeconomics has supported the notion that cooperation can lead to increased positive moods and increased activity in regions ofthe brain associated with reward processing, suggesting that indeed people find utility in positive social interactions. However, another possible mechanism underlying this behavior is that people are guilt averse and make decisions that minimize their anticipated guilt. This idea, based on notions of guilt from social psychology, has found support in recent economic models in which beliefs about other's beliefs are incorporated into individual utility functions. Despite its extensive theoretical development in clinical and social psychology, guilt has surprisingly generated little compelling empirical work. Psychological Game Theory provides an ideal combination of methods and theories from economics and psychology to explore how guilt impacts actual behavior in the context of social interactions. Study 1.1 will address the hypothesis that guilt is only experienced if you believe that your partner believes that you were at fault. Study 1.2 will address the hypothesis that guilt can be relinquished by taking reparative action. Finally, study 2 will attempt to use a sophisticated economic model of guilt to predict brain activity associated with processes involved in the experience of guilt. Consistent with the NIMH's mission to advance the integration of behavior and brain science to provide a greater understanding of mental disorders, this proposal combines theories and methods from the diverse fields of psychology, economics, and neuroscience to gain a greater understanding of the role of guilt in social interactive decision-making, which can yield insight into the socio-emotional impairment associated with a multitude of neuropsychiatric disorders including psychopathy, depression, traumatic brain injury, and fronto-temporal dementia. My long-term goal is to pursue an academic career as a clinical neuroscientist, in which I will use neuroimaging as my primary research methodology to investigate the nature of decision-making impairments in neuropsychiatric disorders. I believe that the most important advances in both basic and applied research arise out of an interdisciplinary approach, which necessitates finding a balance between breadth of interests and depth of knowledge. Ultimately, I hope to make advances in the application of imaging techniques, which will facilitate a better understanding ofthe functional impairment associated with neuropsychiatric pathology and lead to improved diagnostic and treatment procedures. My training proposal incorporates the necessary tools for me to achieve my career goal. First, I am actively pursuing a doctorate in clinical psychology with a minor in clinical neuropsychology. A considerable amount of my coursework consists of seminars, practica, and externships that are focused on understanding the nature of psychopathology in psychiatric and neurological disorders and gaining proficiency in the most current empirically supported psychological assessment and treatment techniques. Second, my research proposal focuses on integrating cutting edge techniques in neuroscience, economics, and psychology to develop novel paradigms that isolate the role of belief and emotion in decision-making. These paradigms will be critical in understanding the nature of decision-making impairment associated with various neuropsychiatric pathologies. I am fortunate to have access to faculty that have pioneered theory and methods that are directly relevant to my proposal. Through,courses, direct one-on-one interactions, laboratory meetings, and communications with their students, I will be able to enhance my proficiency in concepts and skills pertaining to Neuroeconomics from Dr. Alan Sanfey, emotion from Dr. John Allen, Psychological Game Theory from Dr. Martin Dufwenberg, dynamic reinforcement learning models from Dr. Michael Frank, neuroimaging from Drs. Alan Sanfey, Lee Ryan, and Ted Trouard, and in multivariate statistics from Dr. Aurelio Figueredo. Third, my training plan also highlights the excellent mentoring and guidance I will receive from my sponsor. Dr. Alan Sanfey, which directly relates to my career goals. Receiving didactic training in the responsible conduct of research, the development of an independent program of research, writing of manuscripts and grants, and in developing effective posters and presentations will be instrumental in preparing for an academic career. I will also receive valuable teaching experience by mentoring undergraduate research assistants. This training program provides an ideal path for an individual pursuing an ambitious academic career in the field of Neuroeconomics as a clinical neuroscientist. The unique integration of formal clinical training with a research focus extending into the diverse fields of psychology, economics, and neuroscience will provide me with the optimal training to produce high impact research consistent with the NIMH's priority of "Advancing the integrative science of brain and behavior science which provides the foundation for understanding mental disorders and their treatments.