Partner Violence in Transgender Populations: Context, Risk, and Health Impact

项目总结/摘要 亲密伴侣暴力（IPV）是一个严重的公共卫生问题，可导致身体伤害，心理健康， 问题、经济损害、艾滋病毒/性传播感染传播风险，甚至杀人。现有文献表明， 跨性别者（transgender，即性别与出生时性别不同的人） 受IPV影响，终生患病率估计在18%至47%之间，并且IPV风险较高 与非变性人相比。针对跨性别者的IPV通常具有独特的维度 因为跨性别者面临着IPV的独特脆弱性。例如，施虐者可能会破坏一个跨性别者， 通过攻击他们的性别认同来伤害伴侣的自尊，或者通过威胁要“暴露”他们的身份来勒索他们。 他人此外，跨性别者在寻求家庭帮助时可能面临歧视和虐待。 暴力庇护所警察或医疗机构关于跨性别者IPV的研究还处于起步阶段， 所有的研究都是通过对IPV的终生测量来估计IPV的患病率， 并与非变性异性恋人群进行了验证，这些人群不认为独特的跨性别特异性形式 IPV或仅进行临时调整。迫切需要更好地了解全球化的背景、风险以及 IPV对跨性别人群的健康影响。这项研究旨在加深我们对 IPV在不同跨性别社区中的独特经验和影响，并开发第一个经过验证的规模 来衡量跨性别者的IPV体验。本研究将首先采用定性的方法描述 IPV的形式，发生在跨性别的男人和女人的关系，更好地了解IPV的类型学， 这些人口，并检查IPV之间的联系，歧视和压迫， 健康成果。在定量阶段，这些数据将用于为在线调查提供信息， 700名跨性别成年人（350名跨性别男性和350名跨性别女性），以量化IPV与人口统计学之间的关联 因素、伴侣特征、耻辱和歧视。该研究还将研究IPV如何与 负面的身体和心理健康结果，并在心理测量学上验证跨特异性IPV量表。 阐明IPV在不同人群中的独特形式、功能和影响 将告知临床实践，并导致未来跨主管暴力预防和应对干预措施。 经过验证的IPV量表的开发将大大推进跨社区的IPV研究， 依赖于为顺性别、异性恋人群设计的预先存在的IPV措施。该交付品 也将立即用于在初级保健，心理健康和暴力方面对跨性别者进行IPV筛查 响应提供程序设置。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a severe public health problem that can lead to physical injury, mental health issues, economic impairment, HIV/STI transmission risk, and even homicide. Existing literature suggests that transgender (trans, i.e. individuals whose gender is different from their sex assigned at birth) people are heavily impacted by IPV, with lifetime prevalence estimates ranging from 18% to 47%, and are at heightened risk of IPV as compared to non-transgender individuals. IPV against trans individuals often takes on unique dimensions because trans individuals face unique vulnerabilities for IPV. For instance, abusers may undermine a trans partner's self esteem by attacking their gender identity, or blackmail them by threatening to “out” their identity to others. Additionally, trans people are likely to face discrimination and abuse when seeking help from domestic violence shelters, police, or medical providers. Research on IPV among trans individuals is at a nascent stage, and all studies have estimated the prevalence of IPV using brief measures of lifetime IPV that were developed and validated with non-transgender heterosexual populations that do not consider unique forms of trans-specific IPV or only make ad-hoc adjustments. There is an urgent need to better understand the context of, risks for, and health impact of IPV in transgender populations. The proposed study aims to advance our understanding of the unique experience and impact of IPV across diverse trans communities and to develop the first scale validated to measure the experience of IPV among trans individuals. This study will first use qualitative methods to describe the forms of IPV that occur in the relationships of trans men and women, better understand typologies of IPV in these populations, and to examine perceived links between IPV, discrimination and oppression, and negative health outcomes. In the quantitative phase, these data will be used to inform an online survey administered to 700 trans adults (350 trans men and 350 trans women) to quantify associations between IPV and demographic factors, partner characteristics, stigma and discrimination. The study will also examine how IPV is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes, and to psychometrically validate a trans-specific IPV scale. Elucidating the unique form, function, and impact of IPV among different populations of transgender individuals will inform clinical practice and lead to future trans-competent violence prevention and response interventions. The development of a validated IPV scale will substantially advance IPV research in trans communities, which has relied on pre-existing measures of IPV designed for cisgender, heterosexual populations. This deliverable will also be immediately useful for IPV screening of trans individuals in primary care, mental health, and violence response provider settings.