Oscillatory Contributions to Working Memory and Attention

描述（由申请人提供）：工作记忆是指对信息的积极心理保留，它的操纵，以及它在指导行为中的使用。它在许多类型的高层次认知中的作用，作为一个因素，在广泛的实验和“真实的世界”的措施，并作为一个因素，在许多精神和神经疾病的个体差异，使其重要的认知和临床神经科学的许多分支。本研究的重点是阐明神经振荡对工作记忆和相关的注意认知结构的贡献。振荡在大脑中无处不在，但它们在支持许多类型的认知和行为方面的作用仍然知之甚少，在某些情况下，还存在争议。方法学方法是在认知任务执行过程中用脑电图（EEG）测量神经振荡，在某些情况下同时应用重复经颅磁刺激（rTMS），在某些情况下对数据应用多变量模式分类分析（MVPA）。rTMS可以在许多方面扩展单独使用EEG所能学到的东西：它可以偏置内源性延迟期振荡，以证明它们对行为的因果影响;它可以“揭示”EEG中在仅EEG数据中不明显的功能相关组件;它可以提供有效连接的直接指标。MVPA是这项研究的重要工具，因为它可以评估信号是否代表工作记忆中保存的信息（这是依赖于信号强度水平解释的传统技术无法推断的）。本建议涉及两个具体目标。第一是检验延迟期振荡活动携带刺激特异性信息的假设。这个目标的两个焦点将是用于存储在工作记忆中但在注意力焦点之外的信息的神经机制，以及解决与工作记忆相关的事件相关电位，对侧延迟活动（CDA）是否反映信息存储本身，或者对认知负荷敏感的更一般的状态。第二个具体的目的是测试的假设，即工作记忆和注意力的任务是由共同的振荡模式，这些模式的功能随上下文而变化。这些研究将有助于 工作记忆的理论模型，以及更好地理解神经元振荡在工作记忆和注意力中的机制作用。除了这里概述的基础科学问题之外，这项工作对于诊断和治疗与异常神经振荡相关的精神疾病也具有翻译相关性。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Working memory refers to the active mental retention of information, to its manipulation, and to its use in guiding behavior. Its role in many types of high level cognition, as a factor underlying individual differences across a broad spectrum of experimental and "real world" measures, and as a factor in many psychiatric and neurological diseases, makes it important to many branches of cognitive and clinical neuroscience. The focus of this proposal is to elucidate the contributions of neural oscillations to working memory and to the related cognitive construct of attention. Oscillations are ubiquitous in the brain, but their role in supporting many types of cognition and behavior remains poorly understood and, in some cases, controversial. The methodological approach is to measure neural oscillations during cognitive task performance with the electroencephalogram (EEG), in some cases while simultaneously applying repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and in some cases applying multivariate pattern classification analysis (MVPA) to the data. rTMS can extend what can be learned with EEG alone in many ways: It can bias endogenous, delay-period oscillations to demonstrate their causal influence on behavior; it can "unmask" functionally relevant components of the EEG that are not evident in EEG-only data; and it can provide direct indices of effective connectivity. MVPA is an important tool for this research, because it can assess whether a signal is representing the information that is being held in working memory (something that cannot be inferred by more tradition techniques that rely on interpretation of signal intensity levels). Two specific aims are addressed in this proposal. The first is to test th hypothesis that delay-period oscillatory activity carries stimulus-specific information. Two foci o this aim will be the neural mechanism for storing information that is in working memory, but outside the focus of attention, and addressing whether an event-related potential associated with working memory, contralateral delay activity (CDA), reflects information storage per se, or a more general state that is sensitive to cognitive load. The second specific aim is to test the hypothesis that working memory and attentional tasks are supported by common oscillatory patterns, and that the functions of these patterns vary with context. These studies will contribute to theoretical models of working memory, as well as to a better understanding of the mechanistic role of neuronal oscillations in working memory and attention. In addition to the basic science questions outlined here, there is translational relevance for this work for the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric disorders that are associated with abnormal neural oscillations.