ERPs reveal the Mechanisms of Bilingual Language Control

双语者具有显著的控制能力，以防止语言在生产和生产中的干扰 理解，两种具有不同目标和经历不同途径的模式。然而，它仍然 目前尚不清楚这两种语言控制机制是否以及在多大程度上是相同的或不同的 医疗模式。该项目将对生产中的语言控制机制进行系统的比较 与不同加工水平的理解能力相比。我们将结合ERP(事件相关电位)在 脑)测量和混合语言段落阅读范式揭示神经认知过程 句子语境中的语言转换，调整句法和音位限制。双语者会 在产出和理解任务中阅读相同的混合语言段落，唯一的区别是 如果需要发音的话。ERP措施将提供有关如何控制语言的详细信息 在语言切换事件实时展开时工作。我的具体目标是：目标1(K99)：调查 句法约束在语言产出与理解过程中的作用 双语者在内容与虚词的语言转换上的事件相关电位，后者承载着更多的语义与功能。 句法信息。在生产中，我预计切换虚词的成本会更大，因为这些需要 更多的抑制和监测，分别由N_2和ERN揭示。如果句法约束同样影响 制作和理解，功能开关也应该比内容开关更昂贵 P600/LPC，甚至N400所揭示的理解能力。或者，内容开关可能更多 P600/LPC和N400显示，由于模糊的句法分析和优先考虑，理解成本很高 整合语义信息。目标2(R00)：调查语音限制如何影响语言 通过测量双语者句内语言的事件相关电位来控制语言表达与理解 同源词与非同源词的转换。同源词是具有跨语言语音重叠的单词(例如， 柠檬-利蒙)。我预计在生产中使用同源交换机比使用非同源交换机的成本更高，因为更多的抑制 需要对同源词进行监测，分别由N_2和ERN揭示。为了理解，如果 语言选择也很关键，使用同源词的转换成本可能比非同源词更大，如下所示 N400和/或P600/LPC。否则，使用同源词的转换成本可能会比非同源词的转换成本小，因为更容易 与同源词的语义整合，至少在N400，甚至在P600/LPC中也有所体现。我在美国接受的训练 K99阶段将包括我的咨询委员会对这两个理论框架进行的有组织的指导 (语言的产生和理解，以及双语的语言控制)和新的 方法(企业资源规划措施)。它还将包括正式的课程工作、研讨会和职业计划 过渡。这个职业规划和研究项目将确保我成功过渡到独立研究， 实现了全面了解双语语言处理的职业目标。 好了！

Bilinguals have remarkable control abilities to prevent interference between languages in production and comprehension, two modalities that have different goals and go through different pathways. However, it still remains unclear if and to what extent language control mechanisms are shared or different across these two modalities. The proposed project will systematically compare language control mechanism in production versus comprehension at different processing levels. We will combine ERP (Event-Related Potential in the brain) measures and the mixed-language paragraph reading paradigm to reveal the neuro-cognitive processes of language switching in sentence context, modulating syntactic and phonological constraints. Bilinguals will read the same mixed-language paragraphs in production and comprehension tasks, with the only difference being if articulation is required. ERP measures will provide detailed information about how language control works as the language-switching event unfolds in real time. My Specific Aims are: Aim 1 (K99): to investigate the role of syntactic constraints in language control during production vs. comprehension by measuring bilinguals' ERPs on language switching with content vs. function words, which carry more semantic vs. syntactic information, respectively. In production, I expect larger costs switching function words, as these need more inhibition and monitoring, revealed by N2 and ERN respectively. If syntactic constraints equally affect production and comprehension, function switches should be more costly than content switches also in comprehension, revealed by P600/LPC, or even N400 as well. Alternatively, content switches might be more costly in comprehension, revealed by P600/LPC and N400, due to vague syntactic analysis and the priority to integrate semantic information. Aim 2 (R00): to investigate how phonological constraints influence language control during production vs. comprehension by measuring bilinguals' ERPs on intra-sentential language switches with cognates vs. noncognates. Cognates are words with cross-language phonological overlap (e.g., lemon-limón). I expect larger costs with cognate than noncognate switches in production, as more inhibition and monitoring are needed for cognates, revealed by N2 and ERN respectively. For comprehension, if language selection is also critical, switch costs with cognates may be larger than noncognates, revealed by N400 and/or P600/LPC. Otherwise, switch costs may be smaller with cognates than noncognates due to easier semantic integration with cognates, revealed at least by N400, or even by P600/LPC as well. My training in the K99 phase will include structured mentorship by my advisory committee on both theoretical framework (language production and comprehension, as well as bilingual language control) and the training of new methodology (ERP measures). It will also include formal course work, workshops, and a program of career transition. This career plan and research project will ensure my successful transition to independent research, fulfilling my career goal of understanding bilingual language processing in a comprehensive view. !