ERPs reveal the Mechanisms of Bilingual Language Control

双语者有显著的控制能力，以防止语言之间的干扰， 理解，这两种模式有不同的目标，并通过不同的途径。但仍 目前还不清楚这两种语言控制机制是否相同或不同，以及在多大程度上相同或不同。 方式。拟议的项目将系统地比较生产中的语言控制机制 与理解的对比。我们将联合收割机ERP（事件相关电位）结合到脑电中， 脑）测量和混合语言段落阅读范式，以揭示神经认知过程 在句子语境中的语言转换，调节句法和语音的限制。双语者将 在产出和理解任务中阅读相同的混合语言段落，唯一的区别是 如果需要的话。企业资源规划措施将提供关于如何进行语言控制的详细信息， 当语言切换事件在真实的时间中展开时起作用。我的具体目标是：目标1（K99）：调查 句法限制在语言控制中的作用 双语者对内容词和功能词的语言转换的ERPs中，内容词和功能词承载的语义比功能词多。 语法信息。在生产中，我预计切换功能字的成本会更大，因为这些需要 N_2和ERN分别显示出更强的抑制和监控作用。如果语法约束同样影响 生产和理解，功能开关应该比内容开关更昂贵， P600/LPC，甚至N400也显示了这一点。或者，内容切换可能更多 P600/LPC和N400的理解成本高，这是由于句法分析模糊和优先考虑 集成语义信息。目标2（R 00）：研究语音约束如何影响语言 通过测量双语者对语内语言的ERP来研究产出与理解过程中的控制 同源词和非同源词的转换。同源词是具有跨语言语音重叠的词（例如， lemon-limón）。我预计在生产中同源开关的成本比非同源开关的成本更高，因为更多的抑制 对同源物需要监测，分别由N2和ERN揭示。为了理解，如果 语言的选择也很关键，同源词的转换成本可能比非同源词大， N400和/或P600/LPC。否则，同源的切换成本可能比非同源的小，因为更容易 与同源词的语义整合，至少在N400，甚至在P600/LPC中也有发现。我的训练 K99阶段将包括由我的咨询委员会就理论框架和 （语言的产生和理解以及双语语言控制）和培训新的 方法（ERP措施）。它还将包括正式的课程工作，研讨会和职业计划 过渡这个职业规划和研究项目将确保我成功过渡到独立研究， 实现了我的职业目标，全面了解双语语言处理。 !

Bilinguals have remarkable control abilities to prevent interference between languages in production and comprehension, two modalities that have different goals and go through different pathways. However, it still remains unclear if and to what extent language control mechanisms are shared or different across these two modalities. The proposed project will systematically compare language control mechanism in production versus comprehension at different processing levels. We will combine ERP (Event-Related Potential in the brain) measures and the mixed-language paragraph reading paradigm to reveal the neuro-cognitive processes of language switching in sentence context, modulating syntactic and phonological constraints. Bilinguals will read the same mixed-language paragraphs in production and comprehension tasks, with the only difference being if articulation is required. ERP measures will provide detailed information about how language control works as the language-switching event unfolds in real time. My Specific Aims are: Aim 1 (K99): to investigate the role of syntactic constraints in language control during production vs. comprehension by measuring bilinguals' ERPs on language switching with content vs. function words, which carry more semantic vs. syntactic information, respectively. In production, I expect larger costs switching function words, as these need more inhibition and monitoring, revealed by N2 and ERN respectively. If syntactic constraints equally affect production and comprehension, function switches should be more costly than content switches also in comprehension, revealed by P600/LPC, or even N400 as well. Alternatively, content switches might be more costly in comprehension, revealed by P600/LPC and N400, due to vague syntactic analysis and the priority to integrate semantic information. Aim 2 (R00): to investigate how phonological constraints influence language control during production vs. comprehension by measuring bilinguals' ERPs on intra-sentential language switches with cognates vs. noncognates. Cognates are words with cross-language phonological overlap (e.g., lemon-limón). I expect larger costs with cognate than noncognate switches in production, as more inhibition and monitoring are needed for cognates, revealed by N2 and ERN respectively. For comprehension, if language selection is also critical, switch costs with cognates may be larger than noncognates, revealed by N400 and/or P600/LPC. Otherwise, switch costs may be smaller with cognates than noncognates due to easier semantic integration with cognates, revealed at least by N400, or even by P600/LPC as well. My training in the K99 phase will include structured mentorship by my advisory committee on both theoretical framework (language production and comprehension, as well as bilingual language control) and the training of new methodology (ERP measures). It will also include formal course work, workshops, and a program of career transition. This career plan and research project will ensure my successful transition to independent research, fulfilling my career goal of understanding bilingual language processing in a comprehensive view. !