Technology Research and Development Project 3 (Characterizing and Modifying Cortical Processes)

神经系统疾病影响着美国和全世界数百万人。更好地理解 短期的变化和持续的变化，导致精确针对大脑的电刺激 网络可以带来新的技术，改善这些疾病的诊断和治疗。 在脑表面使用皮层电图（ECoG）电极的颅内记录/刺激技术 和/或深度电极（立体脑成像（SEEG））提供了一种强大的方法， 精确的记录和刺激，但目前的刺激方案主要是基于试错法， 可能是次优的。充分利用ECoG/SEEG需要设计自适应记录的能力， 刺激/刺激协议，诱导大脑过程中的特定有益变化，这些变化是行为的基础。的 本文提出的工作将通过创建一个基于刺激的系统来解决这一需求，该系统可以映射皮层/皮层下 功能网络，并可以调节这些网络，以恢复大脑功能。 TR&D3的长期目标是开发和迭代优化新一代自适应神经技术， 可以在大脑网络中引入可预测的变化，并在临床上测试这些技术的有效性， 减轻神经系统疾病如中风的破坏性影响。为了实现这一目标，TR&D3有两个 具体目标： 目标1。为了建立网络活动的短期变化以及由电气干扰产生的行为， 刺激.目标1包括两项研究。第一项研究将使用电刺激来确定 大脑网络是如何被特定位置的电刺激激活的。第二项研究将确定 电刺激产生的输入如何与皮层兴奋性的瞬间变化相互作用， 产生人口水平的反应。 目标二。建立电刺激引起的网络活动的持续变化。第一次研究 将决定刺激引起的变化在短期和长期内改变行为的程度。的 第二项研究将评估这些变化对刺激幅度的依赖性。 这两个目标将产生一个基于刺激的功能成像系统。为了验证和优化这部小说 TR&D3将与加州大学（伯克利）的科学家合作开展两个项目 在MIT。总之，这些合作将建立新的刺激为基础的有效性和价值， 功能成像系统 通过实现这些目标，TR&D3应该对电刺激如何产生新的理解。 大脑功能的短期和持续变化。它还应该创建一个新的临床系统， 大脑网络，并可以针对特定的功能有益的变化。因此，这项工作应该增加科学性， 了解并加强对一系列神经系统疾病的治疗。

Neurological disorders affect millions of people in the United States and worldwide. Better understanding of the short-term changes and the persistent changes that result from precisely targeted electrical stimulation of brain networks can lead to novel technologies that improve diagnosis and treatment of these disorders. Intracranial recording/stimulation techniques using electrocorticographic (ECoG) electrodes on the brain surface and/or depth electrodes (stereoencephalography (SEEG)) provide a powerful method for spatially and temporally precise recording and stimulation, but current stimulation protocols are based largely on trial-and-error and thus are probably suboptimal. Taking optimal advantage of ECoG/SEEG requires the ability to design adaptive record- ing/stimulation protocols that induce specific beneficial changes in the brain processes underlying behavior. The work proposed here will address this need by creating a stimulation-based system that can map cortical/subcortical functional networks and can modulate these networks so as to restore brain function. TR&D3's long-term goal is to develop and iteratively optimize a new generation of adaptive neurotechnologies that can introduce predictable changes in brain networks, and to clinically test the efficacy of those technologies for alleviating the devastating effects of neurological disorders such as stroke. To achieve this goal, TR&D3 has two Specific Aims: Aim 1. To establish the short-term changes in network activity and resulting behavior that are produced by electrical stimulation. Aim 1 comprises two studies. The first study will use electrical stimulation to establish which and how brain networks are activated by electrical stimulation of specific locations. The second study will determine how input produced by electrical stimulation interacts with moment-by-moment variations in cortical excitability to produce population-level responses. Aim 2. To establish the persistent changes to network activity resulting from electrical stimulation. The first study will determine to what extent stimulus-induced changes modify behavior in the short term and the long-term. The second study will assess the dependence of these changes on stimulus amplitude. These two aims will produce a stimulation-based functional imaging system. To validate and optimize this novel system, TR&D3 will engage in two collaborative projects with scientists at the University of California (Berkeley) and at MIT. Together, these collaborations will establish the effectiveness and value of the new stimulation-based functional imaging system. By accomplishing these aims, TR&D3 should produce new understanding of how electrical stimulation produces short-term and persistent changes in brain function. It should also create a new clinical system that can map brain networks and can target specific beneficial changes in function. Thus, this work should increase scientific understanding and enhance treatment for a range of neurological disorders.