Trends in couples' work patterns after childbirth

项目摘要/摘要 我们建议研究夫妻在分娩后几年的工作和收入趋势。 随着时间的推移，这些夫妇层面的过程对总体不平等的变化的影响。我们将解决 文献中关于夫妻如何进入婚姻以及他们如何在婚姻中协商角色的关键空白 婚姻。与婚姻、社会经济和性别分化专业化的转变相一致 随着时间的推移，预测结婚的特征对男性和女性来说变得越来越相似 夫妻在婚姻中的收入。然而，一旦结婚，特别是在孩子出生后， 妻子承担更大的家务责任，丈夫承担更大份额的市场工作；这些 调整导致配偶之间的收入差距扩大。关于如何做到这一点的工作很少 夫妻级别的调整随着时间的推移而改变，对于高收入和低收入的夫妇来说，它们是如何不同的，或者 它们可能对(A)配偶在经济上相似的趋势或(B)社会趋势有什么影响 更广泛地说，不平等。理解产生不平等的过程是至关重要的，因为它与 更差的健康和幸福。我们将使用40年来连续的、短期的面板，从目前的 人口调查(CPS)，以评估丈夫和妻子在第一次生育后的工作和收入变化。 我们依靠1976-2015年的新可用标识将夫妇在整个16个月的时间内纵向联系起来 他们的CPS参与，为数十万对夫妇产生了480个重叠的小组。这些数据 是美国最大、运行时间最长的纵向数据源，几乎未被用于研究 关于家庭动态和变化的。我们将解决五个具体目标：目标1)开发和公开语法 可用于生成1976-2015年的两级纵向CPS数据库和权重；目标2)检查 产后夫妻内部市场工作分工的趋势；目的：研究夫妻内部如何 产后市场分工的趋势因其先前收入的不同而不同；目标链接夫妇-- 工作和收入水平的变化，以汇总不平等，分解收入不平等的变化 夫妻生育前后在经济上相似程度的变化；目的：评估 离婚和非婚生育增加对我们的研究结果的影响，考察了 未婚母亲的就业和收入以及她们对总体不平等的贡献。 团队在研究美国家庭变化方面拥有广泛的专业知识，在数据集成方面拥有无与伦比的经验， 记录联动，与CPS。这个项目提供了巨大的潜力，让科学了解家庭内部的杠杆。 这导致了家庭之间在经济福祉方面的差异。我们所了解到的将直接与 了解美国人健康的过去、现在和未来的模式。关于婚姻和婚姻的政策措施 育儿假将受益于我们关于父母如何安排工作和家庭需求的研究。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT We propose to examine trends in couples’ work and earnings in the years following childbirth and the implications of these couple-level processes for changes in aggregate inequality over time. We will address critical gaps in the literature regarding how couples sort into marriage and how they negotiate roles within marriage. Consistent with a shift away from sex-differentiated specialization in marriage, socioeconomic characteristics predicting marriage have grown more similar for men and women over time, as have the earnings of husbands and wives within marriage. Yet once married, and particularly after the birth of a child, wives take on greater domestic responsibilities and husbands take on a greater share of market work; these adjustments result in widening earnings differentials between spouses. There has been very little work on how couple-level adjustments have changed over time, how they differ for couples with high and low earnings, or what their implications might be for (a) trends in the economic resemblance of spouses or (b) trends in social inequality more broadly. Understanding the processes that generate inequality is critical given its strong links to poorer health and well-being. We will use four decades of successive, short-run panels from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to assess changes in husbands’ and wives’ work and earnings following a first birth. We rely on newly available identifiers from 1976-2015 to link couples longitudinally across the full 16 months of their CPS participation, resulting in 480 overlapping panels for hundreds of thousands of couples. These data are the largest and longest running longitudinal data source in the U.S. and are virtually untapped for research on family dynamics and change. We will address five specific aims: AIM 1) Develop and make syntax publicly available to produce a couple-level, longitudinal CPS database and weights from 1976-2015; AIM 2) Examine trends in the within-couple division of market work following childbirth; AIM 3) Examine how within-couple trends in the division of market work following childbirth vary by his and her prior earnings; AIM 4) Link couple- level changes in work and earnings to aggregate inequality, decomposing change in earnings inequality among couples into changes in the economic resemblance of partners before and after childbirth; AIM 5) Assess the implications of increases in divorce and nonmarital childbearing for our study results, examining trends in unmarried mothers’ employment and earnings and their contributions to aggregate inequality.The research team has extensive expertise in studying U.S. family change and unparalleled experience in data integration, record linkage, and the CPS. This project offers great potential to inform science on the within-family levers that contribute to between-family divergence in economic well-being. What we learn will be directly relevant for understanding past, current, and future patterns in the health of Americans. Policy initiatives on marriage and parental leave will benefit from our findings on how parents arrange work and family demands.