Trends in couples' work patterns after childbirth

项目总结/摘要 我们建议审查生育后几年夫妇工作和收入的趋势， 这些夫妇层面的过程对总体不平等随时间变化的影响。我们将解决 关于夫妻如何进入婚姻以及他们如何在婚姻中协商角色的文献中存在重大空白 婚姻与从婚姻中性别分化的专业化转变相一致， 随着时间的推移，男性和女性预测婚姻的特征变得越来越相似， 婚姻中丈夫和妻子的收入。然而，一旦结婚，特别是在孩子出生后， 妻子承担更多的家庭责任，丈夫承担更多的市场工作; 调整导致配偶之间的收入差距扩大。很少有人研究 夫妇水平的调整随着时间的推移而变化，高收入和低收入夫妇的差异，或 它们可能对（a）配偶经济相似性的趋势或（B）社会关系的趋势产生什么影响？ 更广泛的不平等。了解产生不平等的过程至关重要，因为它与以下因素有着密切的联系： 健康和福祉较差。我们将使用四十年连续的，短期的面板，从目前的 人口调查，以评估第一个孩子出生后丈夫和妻子的工作和收入变化。 我们依靠1976年至2015年新提供的标识符，在整个16个月内纵向联系夫妇。 他们的CPS参与，导致480个重叠的小组为数十万对夫妇。这些数据 是美国规模最大、运行时间最长的纵向数据源，几乎未被用于研究 关于家庭动态和变化我们将提出五个具体目标：目标1）开发和公开语法 可用于生成1976-2015年的两级纵向CPS数据库和权重; AIM 2）检查 生育后夫妇内部市场分工的趋势;目的3）研究夫妇内部如何 生育后市场工作分工的趋势因他和她以前的收入而异; AIM 4）链接夫妇- 工作和收入水平的变化，以总的不平等，分解收入不平等的变化， 目的5）评估生育前后伴侣经济相似性的变化， 离婚和非婚生育增加对我们研究结果的影响， 未婚母亲的就业和收入及其对总体不平等的贡献。 团队在研究美国家庭变化方面拥有丰富的专业知识和无与伦比的数据整合经验， 记录链接和CPS。这个项目提供了很大的潜力，告知科学的家庭内的杠杆 这造成了家庭之间经济福利差异。我们学到的东西将直接关系到 了解美国人过去、现在和未来的健康模式。关于婚姻和家庭的政策倡议 育儿假将受益于我们关于父母如何安排工作和家庭需求的调查结果。

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT We propose to examine trends in couples’ work and earnings in the years following childbirth and the implications of these couple-level processes for changes in aggregate inequality over time. We will address critical gaps in the literature regarding how couples sort into marriage and how they negotiate roles within marriage. Consistent with a shift away from sex-differentiated specialization in marriage, socioeconomic characteristics predicting marriage have grown more similar for men and women over time, as have the earnings of husbands and wives within marriage. Yet once married, and particularly after the birth of a child, wives take on greater domestic responsibilities and husbands take on a greater share of market work; these adjustments result in widening earnings differentials between spouses. There has been very little work on how couple-level adjustments have changed over time, how they differ for couples with high and low earnings, or what their implications might be for (a) trends in the economic resemblance of spouses or (b) trends in social inequality more broadly. Understanding the processes that generate inequality is critical given its strong links to poorer health and well-being. We will use four decades of successive, short-run panels from the Current Population Survey (CPS) to assess changes in husbands’ and wives’ work and earnings following a first birth. We rely on newly available identifiers from 1976-2015 to link couples longitudinally across the full 16 months of their CPS participation, resulting in 480 overlapping panels for hundreds of thousands of couples. These data are the largest and longest running longitudinal data source in the U.S. and are virtually untapped for research on family dynamics and change. We will address five specific aims: AIM 1) Develop and make syntax publicly available to produce a couple-level, longitudinal CPS database and weights from 1976-2015; AIM 2) Examine trends in the within-couple division of market work following childbirth; AIM 3) Examine how within-couple trends in the division of market work following childbirth vary by his and her prior earnings; AIM 4) Link couple- level changes in work and earnings to aggregate inequality, decomposing change in earnings inequality among couples into changes in the economic resemblance of partners before and after childbirth; AIM 5) Assess the implications of increases in divorce and nonmarital childbearing for our study results, examining trends in unmarried mothers’ employment and earnings and their contributions to aggregate inequality.The research team has extensive expertise in studying U.S. family change and unparalleled experience in data integration, record linkage, and the CPS. This project offers great potential to inform science on the within-family levers that contribute to between-family divergence in economic well-being. What we learn will be directly relevant for understanding past, current, and future patterns in the health of Americans. Policy initiatives on marriage and parental leave will benefit from our findings on how parents arrange work and family demands.