Policy strategies for the prevention of multiple forms of violence against children and youth

摘要 对儿童和青年的暴力行为，包括虐待儿童和接触亲密伴侣暴力 (IPV)，在美国各地的社区中很常见。暴力侵害儿童的后果是 深刻的，通常是持久的。研究发现，经历过暴力的儿童的风险增加 一生中产生负面后果的风险，包括心理健康问题、犯罪/犯罪、 身体健康和未来的经济机会。这些后果对社会来说是代价高昂的，有些 估计表明，暴力受害者在他们的一生中招致近2万亿美元的生命损失 处理后果。儿童虐待和IPV初级预防的公共卫生方法 确定能够在人口层面产生最大影响(即普遍性)的战略的优先顺序，方法是解决 家庭和儿童的生活条件(即通过政策)，特别是在#年的高危时期 家庭内的暴力(即婴儿期、儿童期)。针对RFA-CE-20-003，我们建议进行 有效性研究，以确定哪些社区层面或社会层面的战略是有效的 防止影响儿童和青年的多种形式的暴力和其他王牌行为。具体来说，我们 提议建立关于带薪家庭假(目标1)和早期儿童保育影响的科学证据 关于虐待儿童比率和IPV的规定(即儿童保育补贴、学龄前教育)(目标2)。使用 家庭压力模型与世界卫生组织健康社会决定因素委员会 框架中，我们假设有带薪家庭假的州虐待儿童的比率较低， IPV，以及那些拥有更慷慨的早期儿童保育政策的人。此外，我们假设，支付的影响 家庭假和早期儿童保育政策将对某些人群产生更明显的影响(例如， 有色人种儿童)，这些政策对暴力结果的影响将通过以下因素发挥作用 就像贫穷和失业。这些分析的结果将为解决社会问题提供进一步的证据 将这些因素作为初级预防暴力成果的一项战略。具体来说，它将为政策制定者提供 和其他利益攸关方就带薪探亲假和早期儿童保育的影响提供科学证据 关于初级预防暴力的政策。

Abstract Violence against children and youth, including child maltreatment and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV), is common in communities across the United States. The consequences of violence against children are profound and often long-lasting. Studies have found that children who experience violence are at increased risk for negative outcomes across the life course, including problems with mental health, delinquency/crime, physical health, and future economic opportunity. These consequences are costly to society, with some estimates suggesting that victims of violence incur lifetime costs of nearly $2 trillion over their life course in treating the consequences. A public health approach to the primary prevention child maltreatment and IPV prioritizes strategies that can have the greatest population-level impact (i.e., universal) by addressing the conditions in which families and children live (i.e., through policy), particularly during high risk periods for violence within families (i.e., infancy, childhood). In response to RFA-CE-20-003, we propose to conduct effectiveness research to determine which community-level or societal-level strategies effectively prevent multiple forms of violence and other ACEs that impact children and youth. Specifically, we propose to build the scientific evidence on the effects of paid family leave (Aim 1) and early child care provisions (i.e., child care subsidies, preschool) (Aim 2) on rates of child maltreatment and IPV. Using the Family Stress Model and the World Health Organization’s Commission on the Social Determinants of Health Framework, we hypothesize that states with paid family leave will have lower rates of child maltreatment and IPV, as will those with more generous early child care policies. Further, we hypothesize that the effects of paid family leave and early child care policies will have a more pronounced effect for certain populations (e.g., children of color) and that the effects of these policies on violence outcomes will operate through factors such as poverty and unemployment. Results of these analyses will provide further evidence for addressing societal factors as a strategy in the primary prevention of violence outcomes. Specifically, it will provide policy makers and other stakeholders with scientific evidence regarding the effects of paid family leave and early child care policies on the primary prevention of violence.