Expanding the toolbox for tsetse control in Kenya

本应用致力于通过配制环保的新型气味来扩展防治采采蝇的工具箱 针对非洲人类锥虫病(HAT)和人类锥虫病(HAT)主要采采媒的引诱剂和驱避剂混合物 东非的非洲动物锥虫病(AAT)。东非持续面临着 由不同采采种传播的Ropdesiense HAT和AAT，包括Glossina auustin(Gau)， Gpd和Glossina fuscipes(GFF)。采采业控制策略构成 抑制和根除HAT和AAT的基石努力，可通过有效的1) 采采物引诱苍蝇到诱捕器或杀虫剂处理过的目标，以及2)最大限度减少接触的驱避剂 在苍蝇和它们的脊椎动物宿主之间。我们研制了新型引诱剂共混物(ε-壬内酯， 从水鹿和水牛的气味中得到的气味是1)两倍和五倍 对GAU和GPD分别比POCA(3-丙基苯酚、辛烯酚、对甲酚和 丙酮)标准采采剂，2)对GPD的吸引力是发酵牛尿(FCU)+的2.4倍 丙酮(天然牛宿主气味的替代品)，以及3)当联合 部署了FCU和丙酮。我们有兴趣将NAB和Natural的性能进行比较 在GPD上寄主(牛)，并确定其他可能增强NAB吸引力的寄主气味成分。那里 POCA和NAB对GAU的引诱效果不佳，而POCA和NAB对GPD的引诱效果较差。 我们证实了尼罗河蜥蜴(Varanus Niloticus Niloticus)对GFF的吸引，并确定了嗅觉的作用 在景点里。Gau优先取食丛林猪(Potamochoerus Larvatus)。我们感兴趣的是 蜥蜴和林猪寄主的GFF和GAU驱避剂的研制及应用 使用NAB对多种(共生)物种的药效。我们还通过以下方式建立了Gau的排斥性 Fcu+丙酮和新型驱避剂共混物(δ-壬内酯，庚酸，4- 甲基愈创木酚和香叶基丙酮)，基于采采石-难降解的水鹿气味，对大多数 对这些物种的防治效果比目前的WRC-icipe混剂高出一倍。我们 有兴趣从FCU成分中配制GAU特异性驱避剂，评估其协同效果 通过共同部署和评估NRB和Gau驱避剂在保护脊椎动物方面的效果， 来自采采业，以牛和家猪为代理。我们将扩大该方案的功效和应用范围 驱避剂/引诱剂混合物，用香水掩盖它们，并将它们微胶囊到纳米颗粒中。 因此，我们将配制1)GFF和GAU特定的引诱剂，并将它们与NAB结合以控制共面 采采子种群和2)Gau驱避剂并与NRB和NAB结合以保护脊椎动物宿主 来自肯尼亚的Sympatric Tsetse，由肯尼亚农业和畜牧业研究所组成的财团 组织和肯尼亚野生动物服务组织，以及美国耶鲁大学。

This application focuses on expanding toolbox for control tsetse fly by formulating eco-friendly novel odor attractant and repellent blends against major tsetse vectors of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and African Animal Trypanosomiasis (AAT) in eastern Africa. Eastern Africa is under continuous risk of rhodesiense HAT and AAT transmitted by different tsetse species, including Glossina austeni (Gau), Glossina pallidipes(Gpd), and Glossina fuscipes fuscipes (Gff). Tsetse control strategies constitute cornerstones efforts in suppression and eradication of HAT and AAT that can be augmented by effective 1) tsetse lures that attract the flies to traps or insecticide-treated targets, and 2) repellents that minimize contact between flies and their vertebrate hosts. We formulated Novel Attractant Blend (NAB) (ε-nonalactone, nonanoic acid, 2-nonanone and acetone) from waterbuck and buffalo odors that is 1) two- and five-folds more effective against Gau and Gpd, respectively, than POCA (3-propylphenol, octenol, p-cresol and acetone) standard tsetse attractant, 2) 2.4 folds more attractive to Gpd than Fermented Cow Urine (FCU) + acetone (proxy for natural bovine host odor), and 3) seven-fold more attractive to Gpd than POCA when co- deployed with FCU and acetone. We are interested in comparing the performance of NAB with that of natural hosts (cattle) on Gpd and identify other host odor constituents that may enhance the attraction of NAB. There are no effective attractants against Gff while POCA and NAB are suboptimal against Gau, relative to Gpd. We confirmed attraction of Gff by monitor lizard (Varanus niloticus niloticus) and established role of olfaction in the attraction. Gau preferentially feed on bush pig (Potamochoerus larvatus). We are interested in formulating Gff and Gau repellents from monitor lizard and bushpig hosts and integrating their application with NAB for efficacy against multiple (sympatric) species. We also established repellence of Gau by FCU+Acetone and formulated Novel Repellent Blend (NRB) (δ-nonalactone, heptanoic acid, 4- methylguaiacol and geranyl acetone) based on tsetse-refractory waterbuck odor that is effective against most savannah species and two-fold more efficacious than current WRC-icipe blend against these species. We are interested in formulating Gau specific repellents from FCU constituents, evaluate its synergistic effects on NRB through co-deployment and assess efficacy of NRB and Gau repellent in protection of vertebrates, from tsetse, with oxen and domestic pig as proxy. We will extend the efficacy and application of the repellent/attractant blends by masking them with fragrance and micro encapsulating them in nano-particles. We will thus formulate 1) Gff and Gau specific attractants and integrate them with NAB for control of sympatric tsetse populations and 2) Gau repellent and integrate it with NRB and NAB for protection of vertebrate hosts from sympatric tsetse in Kenya as consortium comprising of Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization and Kenya Wildlife Services in Kenya , and Yale University in USA.