A National Neighborhood Data Resource to Understand Inequities in the Health and Socioeconomic Impacts of COVID-19 in the United States

新冠肺炎疫情给美国社区带来了实质性的变化，其方式只有 开始被阐明。已经有过多的企业永久关闭，特别是在 最容易受到社会距离影响的社区小企业，如当地的理发店和美甲店 沙龙。2021年9月下旬爆发的新冠肺炎导致附近2,000所学校停课一年 39个州的平均时间为6天。一个新兴的研究机构试图了解驱动力 这些趋势，侧重于个人层面的传染病传播或经济模式 业务层面。没有考虑的是这些变化发生的背景。从背景来看，我们 指拥有机会、限制、风险和灵活性的邻里社区环境 对于大流行后的增长，包括不受社会距离影响的商业部门的就业机会； 全面的宽带互联网接入，促进远程医疗、在线教育、远程工作和在线 杂货店购物；公园和步行街，以促进社交距离的身体活动和社交 相互作用，以减轻大流行带来的社会孤立；并通过以下方式提供医疗保健 可供选择的医疗保健提供者和药房。对这些邻里资源的访问权限是 在美国各地分布不均，增加了包括老年人在内的弱势群体的风险， 儿童和青少年、少数族裔和农村地区的儿童和青少年。然而，由于缺乏民族性， 当地社区环境的标准化、纵向衡量标准阻碍了识别 哪些社区最容易受到大流行对 一系列行为、心理、社会和经济结果。为了解决这个限制在国家的 数据基础设施，我们将从我们的国家邻里数据中扩充、管理和传播数据 档案馆(南大)，其中包含了当地丰富的物质、社会和经济特征 美国各地的社区(例如种族隔离、商业密度、环境危害、 宽带互联网接入和医疗保健服务)，在大流行之前和之后都是如此。我们 将与新冠肺炎社会、行为和经济研究联盟一起参与整合， 共享和分析可以容易地链接到现有调查数据的空间参考邻域数据， 队列研究，或不同地理水平的电子健康记录。我们将与新冠肺炎合作。 财团协调中心，确定并创建作为研究优先事项的关键社区指标 联盟中的团队，包括一组关于社会、行为和 邻里层面新冠肺炎大流行的经济指标。我们还将开发新的衡量标准 大流行前几十年的纵向社区变化，这可以告知社区风险 以及自大流行以来的恢复力。

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in substantial changes to American neighborhoods in ways that are only beginning to be elucidated. There has been an excess of permanent business closures, particularly among small neighborhood businesses most vulnerable to social distancing, such as local barber shops and nail salons. COVID-19 outbreaks in late September 2021 caused 2,000 neighborhood schools to close for an average of six days in 39 states. A burgeoning body of research has tried to understand the forces driving these trends, focusing on infectious disease transmission at the individual level or economic models at the business level. What is not considered is the context in which these changes are taking place. By context, we mean the neighborhood community environment that holds the opportunities, restrictions, risks, and flexibility for post-pandemic growth, including job opportunities in business sectors robust to social distancing; comprehensive broadband internet access to facilitate telemedicine, online schooling, remote work, and online grocery shopping; parks and walkable streets to facilitate socially distanced physical activity and social interaction to mitigate social isolation brought on by the pandemic; and the provision of medical care through the availability of alternate health care providers and pharmacies. Access to these neighborhood resources is not equally distributed across America, reinforcing risk for vulnerable populations, including older adults, children and adolescents, racial/ethnic minorities, and those in rural areas. However, a lack of national, standardized, longitudinal metrics of the local neighborhood environment has hindered the ability to identify which communities are most vulnerable to the immediate and longer-term consequences of the pandemic for a host of behavioral, psychological, social, and economic outcomes. To address this limitation in the nation's data infrastructure, we will augment, curate and disseminate data from our National Neighborhood Data Archive (NaNDA), which includes a wealth of physical, social and economic characteristics of the local neighborhood across the United States (e.g., racial segregation, business density, environmental hazards, broadband internet access, and healthcare availability), in the years both before and since the pandemic. We will participate with the Consortium on Social, Behavioral, and Economic Research on COVID-19 to integrate, share, and analyze spatially referenced neighborhood data that can be readily linked to existing survey data, cohort studies, or electronic health records at various levels of geography. We will work with the COVID-19 Consortium Coordination Center to identify and create key neighborhood metrics that are priorities for research teams in the Consortium, including a set of common data elements (CDEs) on the social, behavioral and economic indicators of the COVID-19 pandemic at the neighborhood level. We will also develop new metrics of longitudinal neighborhood change in the decades preceding the pandemic, which can inform community risk and resilience since the pandemic.