From specialist to generalist: biotic and abiotic and reservoirs of fungal pathogens

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Many fungal pathogens have broad host ranges, long-lived environmental stages, and the potential for saprotrophic growth. New models are needed for this type of pathogen, in order to improve our ability to understand the dynamics and impacts of this unique, diverse, and abundant group of pathogens. The overall aim of this project is to expand our understanding of the dynamics of emerging fungal pathogens both amongst and outside of their hosts. Laboratory and field experiments and field surveys will be conducted to develop and fit disease models, utilizing the amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), as the primary model system. Recent evidence that Bd can infect a wide diversity of organisms (in addition to amphibians), and that Bd has the ability to form biofilms (which may enhance its potential for environmental persistence), makes this an ideal model system for this project. Fungal disease models will be developed and parameterized, including generalist pathogens, external pathogen reservoirs (including the possibility of incorporation of the pathogen into biofilms), and the potential for saprotrophic pathogen growth. The models will be used to explore the implications of these features of fungal pathogens on pathogen prevalence and disease severity in target host species, in the both the amphibian/Bd system and in other emerging fungal pathogen systems. Specifically, the research team will (1) perform an in-depth analysis of alternative hosts and environmental reservoirs where Bd may persist outside of the host, (2) test experimentally the role of these alternative hosts and environmental reservoirs on survival and reproduction of Bd, persistence of Bd in the environment, and in transmission of the pathogen to amphibians, (3) test how Bd biofilm formation affects Bd persistence and reproduction, (4) explore how Bd biofilms persist in extreme environments (i.e. temperatures) and if this affects the infectiousness of Bd using novel approaches (metagenomics, meta-transcriptomics, meta-proteomics), (5) improve the fungal-based disease model to include an ecosystem-centric approach using Bd as a case study, and (6) create an emerging fungal database, conduct a metanalysis, and fit our disease models to other emerging fungal diseases.