EID Disease in complex communities how multi-host multi-pathogen intreactions

当代疾病生态学的基本挑战之一是理解 多宿主、多宿主组成的复杂社区内的感染动态 病原体。自然界中的宿主暴露在不同病原体的“鸡尾酒”中，因此是一个中心 问题涉及共生病原体之间的相互作用如何影响疾病严重性和 病原体在宿主社区的传播。到目前为止，大多数研究都集中在一项 级别，检查多个感染如何影响单个宿主的病理或使用 群体调查，以确定病原体在宿主群体内共同出现的相关性。 这种对单一扩展(即主机内与主机间)的关注忽略了一个至关重要的问题 问题--也就是，病原体在宿主内的相互作用是如何“放大”的，以影响- 宿主过程，如传播和疾病动力学？这个项目的主要目标是 了解三种致病毒力病原体在不同生物尺度上的相互作用 复杂性，包括宿主内部、物种之间和群落之间，结合在一起 影响两栖动物的疾病动态，两栖动物是一组全球受威胁的脊椎动物。 该项目结合了湿地群落的横断面实地调查和受控 实验室和中游实验以确定(1)两栖动物病原体如何在 在多个空间尺度(单个寄主、寄主物种、湿地)上的发生和强度 群落)，(2)每种病原体对寄主病理的单独和联合影响 病原体感染成功，以及(3)寄主和病原体群落变异的净影响 病原体传播的结构和宿主-病原体动力学。随机的、基于模拟的 将使用专门针对单个主机的建模框架来解释 实验结果和病原体的场分布与潜在的机制相联系。这 该项目的重点是三种病原体，这三种病原体被广泛认为与导致两栖动物 病理：壶菌巴氏杆菌、里贝罗吸虫 Ondatrae和病毒属RanaVirus。

One of the fundamental challenges in contemporary disease ecology involves understanding infection dynamics within complex communities composed of multiple hosts and multiple pathogens. Hosts in nature are exposed to a 'cocktail' of different pathogens, therefore a central question concerns how interactions between co-occurring pathogens affect disease severity and pathogen transmission in host communities. Most research to date has been focused at a single level, examining either how multiple infections influence individual host pathology or using population surveys to identify correlations in pathogen co-occurrence within a host population. This focus on single scales (i.e., within-host vs. between- host) neglects a critically important question - namely, how do pathogen interactions within hosts 'scale up' to influence between- host processes, such as transmission and disease dynamics? The primary goal of this project is to understand how interactions among three virulent pathogens at different scales of biological complexity, including within hosts, between species, and among communities, combine to influence disease dynamics in amphibians, a group of globally threatened vertebrates. This project combines cross-sectional field surveys of wetland communities with controlled laboratory and mesocosm experiments to determine (1) how amphibian pathogens co-vary in occurrence and intensity across multiple spatial scales (individual hosts, host species, wetland communities), (2) the individual and combined effects of each pathogen on host pathology and pathogen infection success, and (3) the net effects of variation in host and pathogen community structure for pathogen transmission and host-pathogen dynamics. A stochastic, simulation-based modeling framework, uniquely focused on individual hosts, will be used to interpret experimental results and link field distributions of pathogens with underlying mechanisms. This project focuses on three pathogens that have been widely implicated in causing amphibian pathology: the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, the trematode Ribeiroia ondatrae, and the viral genus Ranavirus.