Preventing Youth Violence Through Building Equitable Communities: An Evaluation of a Multisystemic Intervention

七、项目概要 暴力对非裔美国青年的影响尤为严重。除了死亡和受伤，暴力暴露 具有严重的心理后果，包括创伤性应激症状和内化问题。 非裔美国青年中的自我导向暴力呈现出惊人且不成比例的增长，其中 从 2007 年到 2018 年，自杀率几乎翻了一番。目前的预防策略效果有限， 也许是因为他们未能解决结构性种族主义在暴力中的因果作用。此举的主要目的 拟议项目旨在审查解决教育中结构性种族主义的干预措施的程度 执法减少了中学生的人际暴力和自杀， 重点关注经历健康差异的人群（非裔美国人；低收入社区）。的 拟议的项目将使用多基线实验设计来检查社区层面的变化 在四个社区随机开始干预，每个社区包括一个警察分局和一个中间分局 学校。干预措施将包括 (a) 以学校为基础的干预措施，包括文化干预 全校气候干预措施的响应性、社区包容性适应（全校积极 行为干预和支持）以及文化响应实践培训和辅导； (b) 法律 基于执法的干预措施代表程序正义干预措施，包括培训 不成比例的少数群体接触，以及对遭受创伤的青少年进行降级培训和指导；和 (c) 综合社区干预措施，包括警察、学校之间的社区建设 通过以团队为导向的联系，人员和青年人。将使用来自以下机构的档案数据来衡量结果 学校和警察部门以及来自青少年、学校工作人员和警察的调查数据。目标1 是评估针对结构性和文化种族主义减少人际暴力的程度 青少年，通过个人层面、学校层面和辖区层面的数据来衡量。目标 2 是评估程度 针对结构性和文化种族主义减少了青少年的自杀率（根据已完成的指标衡量） 自杀和最近的自杀先例，包括自杀企图和意念。目标 3 是评估程度 针对结构性和文化种族主义，可以降低学校的总体比率和不成比例性。 基于排他性纪律的做法；增加与文化相关的教学法；并降低总体费率 青少年逮捕和警察使用武力的比例过高。目标 4 是评估具体干预措施 通过确定它们对个人、教师、 学校和执法层面。这种干预措施有可能降低发病率和死亡率 非洲裔美国青年的整体生活质量，并降低与此相关的社会成本 人际暴力和自杀。此外，解决结构性种族主义的有效战略已经 促进突破性公共卫生预防健康差异的潜力。

7. Project Summary Violence disproportionately affects African American youth. In addition to death and injury, violence exposure has significant psychological consequences, including traumatic stress symptoms and internalizing problems. Self-directed violence has shown startling and disproportionate growth among African American youth, with suicide rates nearly doubling from 2007 to 2018. Current prevention strategies have limited effectiveness, perhaps due to their failure to address the causal role of structural racism in violence. The primary aim of this proposed project is to examine the extent to which an intervention addressing structural racism in education and law enforcement reduces interpersonal violence and suicide among middle school-aged youth, with a focus on populations experiencing health disparities (African Americans; low-income communities). The proposed project will examine community-level changes using a multiple baseline experimental design that randomizes the start of the intervention in four communities, each comprising a police precinct and middle school. The intervention will consist of (a) school-based intervention components including a culturally responsive, community-inclusive adaptation of a whole-school climate intervention (School-wide Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports), and culturally responsive practices training and coaching; (b) law enforcement-based intervention components representing procedural justice interventions, including training in disproportionate minority contact, and training and coaching on de-escalation with trauma-exposed youth; and (c) an integrated community intervention that includes community-building between police officers, school personnel, and youth through team-oriented contact. Outcomes will be measured using archival data from the schools and police department as well as survey data from youth, school personnel, and police officers. Aim 1 is to evaluate the extent to which targeting structural and cultural racism reduces interpersonal violence among youth, as measured by individual-level, school-level, and precinct-level data. Aim 2 is to evaluate the extent to which targeting structural and cultural racism reduces suicidality among youth, as measured by completed suicides and proximal precedents for suicide, including attempts and ideation. Aim 3 is to evaluate the extent to which targeting structural and cultural racism reduces both overall rates and disproportionality of school- based exclusionary discipline practices; increases culturally relevant pedagogy; and reduces both overall rates and disproportionality of juvenile arrests and police use-of-force. Aim 4 is to evaluate specific intervention components by determining their effects on hypothesized mechanisms of change at the individual, teacher, school, and law enforcement levels. This intervention has the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality among African American youth, promote overall quality of life, and reduce the societal costs associated with both interpersonal violence and suicidality. Furthermore, effective strategies to address structural racism have the potential to facilitate groundbreaking public health prevention of health disparities.