STIMULANT DRUGS AND CONDITIONED REINFORCEMENT

几年前有人提出，精神运动兴奋剂药物可能 影响调节奖赏的神经机制。这是最近的一个扩展 假说是刺激性药物(如d-苯丙胺)可能会增强 条件性增强剂的效果，即获得强化的刺激 通过它们与无条件增强剂的关联来确定其性能。自.以来 条件化的增强者(例如，金钱、等级、信息反馈)起到了作用 在控制人类行为方面的主要作用 可能增强这些刺激的强化效果的机制。 条件性增强在以下方面可能尤为重要 试图治疗功能性行为发生率较低的个体。这个 本研究将考察d-苯丙胺对 多个、混合和二阶明细表、技术 广泛用于研究条件性加固。有两个实验 建议，既以鸽子为主题，又以食物为无条件 增强剂。将采用重复措施、个别主体的设计。 在实验1中，在混合调度的组件1中响应将 生产食物或短暂的刺激(例如，4-S家灯)根据 二次排行表。在第二部分中，回应永远不会产生食物 但只会产生短暂的刺激。在某些情况下，简报 刺激将与食物搭配，而在其他国家则不会搭配。丁- 安非他明将在实验的每种情况下使用， 本课程将考察对短暂刺激反应的变化。D-苯丙胺 在不同的情况下，还将按多个时间表检查效果 外感刺激信号传递食物和条件性强化 组件。在实验2中，反应会产生短暂的刺激和 根据二次附表提供的食物和d-d- 将审查苯丙胺的比率和反应模式。在一些 短暂的刺激将与食物搭配在一起，在其他情况下 不会被配对。“显著”和“不显著”的刺激都将是 检查过了。这些实验应该澄清刺激药物的作用 在增强条件性强化中发挥作用。

It was suggested several years ago that psychomotor stimulant drugs may affect neural mechanisms that mediate reward. A recent extension of this hypothesis is that stimulant drugs (e.g., d-amphetamine) may enhance the effects of conditioned reinforcers, stimuli that acquire reinforcing properties by their association with unconditioned reinforcers. Since conditioned reinforcers (e.g., money, grade, informative feedback) play a major role in controlling human behavior it is important to understand mechanisms that might enhance the reinforcing efficacy of these stimuli. Enhancement of conditioned reinforcement might be especially important in attempts to treat individuals with low rates of functional behaviors. The present study will examine the effects of d-amphetamine on responding in multiple, mixed, and second-order schedules, techniques that have been used extensively to study conditioned reinforcement. Two experiments are proposed, both using pigeons as subjects and food as unconditioned reinforcers. A repeated measures, individual-subject design will be used. In Experiment 1 responding in Component 1 of a mixed schedule will produce food or brief stimuli (e.g., a 4-s houselight) according to a second-order schedule. In component 2 responses will never produce food but will only produce the brief stimulus. In some conditions the brief stimulus will be paired with food and in others it will not be paired. d- Amphetamine will be administered in each condition of the experiment and changes in responding for brief stimuli will be examined. d-Amphetamine's effects will also be examined in a multiple schedule where different exteroceptive stimuli signal the food and conditioned-reinforcement components. In Experiment 2 responding will produce brief stimuli and food according to a second-order schedule and the effects of d- amphetamine on rates and patterns of responding will be examined. In some conditions the brief stimulus will be paired with food and in others it will not be paired. Both "salient" and "nonsalient" stimuli will be examined. The experiments should clarify the role that stimulant drugs play in the enhancement of conditioned reinforcement.