Occupational Exposure Assessment

职业照射评估是评价剂量反应关系的一个关键因素，分支进行的大多数研究都有广泛的照射评估内容。队列研究中的主要评估工作涉及农药、苯、多环芳烃和柴油机废气的暴露，以及上海女性和造船厂工人队列研究中的广泛暴露。目前正在进行横断面研究，以研究苯、三氯乙烯和阿特拉津对遗传毒性、免疫和激素参数的影响。在病例对照设计中，对各种暴露（包括溶剂）的工作进行了评估（包括氯化烃、芳烃和其他溶剂）、金属（砷、铬、镉、铅）、电磁场、多氯联苯、粉尘（木尘和其他类型），石棉，甲醛，体力活动，亚硝胺，多环芳烃，汽油和柴油废气，芳香胺，和杀虫剂。在对膀胱癌、脑癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、喉癌、淋巴癌和造血系统癌、儿童脑癌、生殖细胞肿瘤癌和白血病尤因氏肉瘤以及与父母职业的可能关联的研究中，对这些接触进行了评估。还进行了方法学研究，以改进暴露评估技术，并了解暴露模式，如峰值暴露。目前正在上海进行一项研究，以评估通过详细的职业问卷和空气测量所作的评估。一份描述在脑癌病例对照研究中评估EMF暴露的暴露评估程序的报告正在进行中。目前正在编写关于农药、多氯联苯、氯化溶剂和芳香溶剂、木尘和亚硝胺出现情况的报告。详细的问卷调查已经为两个病例对照研究：一个在美国的肾癌研究和一个在新英格兰的膀胱癌研究。正在将对农药的评估与尿液中的农药代谢物进行比较。暴露于2，4-D的重要决定因素正在使用尿液水平进行评估。目前正在对各种接触评估方法进行比较。

Assessment of occupational exposures is a crucial factor in evaluating dose-response relationships and most studies conducted by the Branch have an extensive exposure assessment component. Major assessment efforts in cohort studies have involved exposures to pesticides, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and diesel exhaust fumes, and to a broad range of exposures in a cohort study of women in Shanghai and shipyard workers. Cross-sectional studies are being conducted to study the effect of benzene, trichloroethylene, and atrazine on genotoxic, immune, and hormonal parameters. In the case-control design, jobs have been evaluated for a wide variety of exposures, including solvents (including chlorinated hydrocarbons, aromatic, and other solvents), metals (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, lead), electromagnetic fields, polychlorinated biphenyls, dusts (wood dust and other types) , asbestos, formaldehyde, physical activity, nitrosoamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, gasoline and diesel exhausts, aromatic amines, and pesticides. These exposures have been evaluated in studies of cancer of the bladder, brain, breast, lung, larynx, and the lymphatic and hemtopoietic system, and of childhood brain cancer, germ cell tumor cancer, and leukemia Ewings sarcoma and possible associations with parental occupations. Methodologic studies are also conducted to improve exposure assessment techniques and to understand exposure patterns, such as peak exposures. A study is being conducted in Shanghai to evaluate assessments made from detailed occupational questionnaires with air measurements. A report describing the exposure assessment procedures for evaluating EMF exposures in a brain cancer case-control study is underway. Reports describing the occurrences of pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated and aromatic solvents, wood dust, and nitrosoamines are being prepared. Detailed questionnaires have been developed for two case-control studies: a kidney cancer study in the US and a bladder cancer study in New England. A comparison of assessments to pesticides is being compared to pesticide metabolites in the urine. Important determinants of exposure to 2,4-D are being evaluated using urinary levels. Comparisons of various exposure assessments methods are being made.