Human Hepatitis Experiments in the United States, 1942-1972

美国人类肝炎实验，1942 年至 1972 年

• 批准号: 7800418
• 负责人: Sydney A. Halpern
• 金额: $ 7.85万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2009
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2009-04-15 至 2012-04-14
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/7800418
• 关键词: American; Americas; Animal Model; Award; Books; Camping; Church; Climate; Common Good; Data; Disease; Documentation; Epidemiology; Event; Federal Government; Hepatitis; Human; Human Experimentation; Individual; Institution; Institutionalized Child; Intention; Journals; Knowledge; Manuscripts; Mediation; Medical; Medical History; Medical Research; Mentally Ill Persons; Morals; Motivation; Newspapers; Participant; Prisoner; Publishing; Reader; Recording of previous events; Records; Recruitment Activity; Reporting; Research; Research Ethics; Research Personnel; Research Project Grants; Resort; Risk; Running; Scholarship; Science; Scientist; Series; Services; Shapes; Social Conditions; Social Network; System; United States; United States National Library of Medicine; Viral hepatitis; Virus Diseases; World War II; arm; fascinate; human subject; peace; prospective; repository; research study; social

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In the three decades between 1942 and 1972, American medical researchers conducted a series of experiments in which they deliberately infected human subjects with hepatitis. Attempts to develop animal models of viral hepatitis repeatedly failed and scientists resorted to human experiments to advance knowledge about the disease and the viral strains causing it. Their subjects-several thousand in all--were prison inmates, conscientious objectors, mental patients and institutionalized children. The federal government sponsored the studies, largely through the Army Epidemiology Board (AEB)-which become the Armed Forces Epidemiology Board (AFEB) in 1949. Institutions that managed prospective subjects actively cooperated in recruiting research participants. This included, in the case of conscientious objectors, both the Selective Service System and the coalition of historic peace churches that, during World War II, ran Civilian Public Service (CPS) camps. During the 1940s and 1950s, few argued that the experiments were morally unacceptable. But the climate supporting these and other hazardous medical experiments changed dramatically by the mid- 1960s. The hepatitis studies ended in the early 1970s as scientists and their sponsors confronted a newly established regulatory system and dramatically different sensibilities about human research. This project explores the conduct of the human hepatitis experiments and the social conditions and moral constructions that first enabled and then curtailed disease- inflicting human research in America. It draws on unusually rich and previously unexamined archival records. These documents allow me to examine in detail the actions and motivations of scientists, their subjects, and institutional leaders who made human experimentation possible. The book from the project will clarify how networks of social actors negotiate what levels of risk to human subjects are justifiable. It will provide vivid documentation of how historical events and shifts in the cultural context impinged on assessments of what constitutes acceptable human research.

描述（由申请人提供）： 1942年至1972年的三十年间，美国医学研究人员进行了一系列实验，故意让人类受试者感染肝炎。开发病毒性肝炎动物模型的尝试屡屡失败，科学家们通过人体实验来加深对这种疾病和引起该疾病的病毒株的了解。他们的对象总共有数千人，包括监狱囚犯、依良心拒服兵役者、精神病人和被收容的儿童。联邦政府主要通过陆军流行病学委员会 (AEB) 赞助这些研究，该委员会于 1949 年更名为武装部队流行病学委员会 (AFEB)。管理前瞻性受试者的机构积极合作招募研究参与者。对于出于良心拒服兵役者来说，这包括选择性服役制度和历史悠久的和平教会联盟，这些教会在第二次世界大战期间经营平民公共服务营（CPS）。在 20 世纪 40 年代和 20 世纪 50 年代，很少有人认为这些实验在道德上是不可接受的。但到 20 世纪 60 年代中期，支持这些和其他危险医学实验的环境发生了巨大变化。肝炎研究于 20 世纪 70 年代初结束，科学家及其资助者面临着新建立的监管体系和对人类研究截然不同的敏感性。 该项目探讨了人类肝炎实验的进行以及最初在美国促成然后又限制了造成疾病的人类研究的社会条件和道德建设。它利用了异常丰富且先前未经审查的档案记录。这些文件使我能够详细研究科学家、他们的研究对象以及使人体实验成为可能的机构领导人的行为和动机。该项目的书籍将阐明社会参与者网络如何协商对人类受试者的合理风险水平。它将生动地记录历史事件和文化背景的转变如何影响对可接受的人类研究的评估。